Infection And Inflamation Flashcards
Reservoir
Natural habitat of the organism we’re growth and multiplication occur
Prevalent resistant organisms
- methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE)
- aminoglyciside resistance pseudomonas
Inanimate reservoir
Soil, water, other environmental sources, medical equipment
Animate reservoir
People, animals, insects
Portal of exit
- Method for the pathogens to leave the source
- Respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, general urinary track, breaks in skin, mucous membranes, blood stream
Laboratory data indicating infection
- Elevated white blood cell count
- increase in specific type of white blood cells
- elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- Presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum or draining cultures
Bacteria
Most significant in most prevalent in hospital settings
Virus
Smallest of all micro organisms
Fungi
Plant like organisms present in air, soil and water
Potential to produce disease depends on
- Number of organisms
- virulence ( ability to cause disease or harm)
- Competence of persons immune system
- Length and intimacy of contact between person in microorganism
Chain of infection
Three primary routes:
1) contact
- Direct= “touching the wound”
- indirect= “touching object with it “
2) droplet ( sneeze greater than 5mcm)
3) airborne (breathing, coughing, sneeze, talk less than 5mcm)
Two lesser routes:
- vehicles
- vector
Stages of infection
1) incubation period: organism growing and multiplying, don’t know you have it yet
2) prodromal stage: person is most infectious vague and nonspecific signs of disease, I don’t know you’re sick you just “feel off”
3) full stage of illness: presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease
4) convalescent period: recovery from infection
Body’s defense against infection
- body’s normal flora
- inflammatory response
- immune response
Inflammatory response
Protective mechanism
- localized
- attack
- remove dead damaged tissue
- repair/ replace
Inflammatory response types
1) vascular
- vasoconstriction
• confine to area of injury
• limit tissue damage
- vasodilation
• flood area to promote healing
2) cellular ( most active during first 24h)
- increase cellular permeability
• WBC move info area- clean wound- consume debris in order to heal
• results in pain, edema, loss of function
Cardinal sign and symptoms
Redness heat edema pain loss of function
Immune response
Antigen
- part of attacking organism that is responsible for stimulation of antibodies
- includes a specific immune response
Antibody
- is a immunoglobulin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen
Factors affecting host susceptibility
- intact skin and mucous membranes
- normal pH levels
- bodies white blood cells ( on meds that suppress white blood cells you are at risk for infection)
- age, sex, race, hereditary factors
- immunizations, natural or acquired
- fatigue, nutrition and general health status
- stress
- Use of invasive or indwelling medical devices
Aseptic technique
- includes all activities to prevent or break the chain of infection
Two categories:
- Medical asepsis: clean technique - reduce number and transfer of pathogens
- Surgical asepsis: surgical technique - render and keep objects in areas free from micro organisms
Medical asepsis
Hand hygiene caring linens away from your body no linens on floor cover mouth when sneezing do not raise dust do not shake linens clean to dry transmission precautions
Use of surgical asepsis
Operating room, labor and delivery areas
certain diagnostic testing areas patient bedside ( example for procedures that involve insertion of urinary catheter, sterile dressing changes or preparing an injection medicine)
Nosocomial infection risk factors
Skin integrity age multiple illnesses invasive procedures/indwelling medical devices broad-spectrum antibiotics Poor aseptic technique multiple healthcare personnel extended length of hospitalization
Four categories responsible for the majority of hospital acquired infections
Urinary track infections
surgical site infections bloodstream infections pneumonia
Five minutes for hand hygiene
1) Before touching the patient 2)before a clean or a septic procedure
3) after a body fluid exposure risk
4) after touching a patient
5) after touching patient surroundings
Factors determining use of sterilization and disinfecting methods
Nature Of organisms present number of organisms present type of equipment intended use of equipment
available means for sterilization and disinfection
time
Cleaning, disinfectant, sterilization
1) cleaning
Requires detergent wipes or a detergent solution
Cleaning must always come before disinfection
2) disinfection
Requires use of a suitable disinfectant (bleach, alcohol)
3)
Prevention of spread of infection
PPE
Gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyewear
Standard precautions tier 1
- All the time
- used in the care of all hospitalized patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status
- apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions and excretions (whether or not blood is present or visible) non-intact skin and mucous membranes (except sweat)
- New additions are respiratory hygiene, cough etiquette safe injection practices and directions to use a mask when performing high risk prolong procedures involving spinal canal punctures
Transmission based precautions their 2
- used in addition to standard precautions for patient in hospital with suspected infection with pathogen that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet or contact rates
- directions to Don PPE when entering the room of a patient on contact or droplet precautions
Isolation room
- private room
- some are negative pressure airflow
- all equipment that come into contact with patient are considered contaminated
- have to wear a mask when transporting to other areas of the hospital
Communicable disease
Infectious disease that is highly transmittable two other patients
Humoral immunity
- humoral response: production of antibodies to a specific antigen by the B-cell lymphocytes
- antibodies are released into the blood stream
- antibodies bind to the specific antigen causing their destruction
Cellular immune response
- T-lymphocytes/ T-cells
- attack foreign invaders directly
- initiated by the binding of an antigen with an antigen receptor located on the surface of the T cell
- results in total distraction of the invading microbes or neutralization of the toxin
Types of immunity
1) passive
- natural: from mother
- artificial: injection of serum from immune person
2) active
- natural: have the disease
- artificial: immunization with antigen
