Infection And Inflamation Flashcards

1
Q

Reservoir

A

Natural habitat of the organism we’re growth and multiplication occur

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2
Q

Prevalent resistant organisms

A
  • methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE)
  • aminoglyciside resistance pseudomonas
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3
Q

Inanimate reservoir

A

Soil, water, other environmental sources, medical equipment

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4
Q

Animate reservoir

A

People, animals, insects

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5
Q

Portal of exit

A
  • Method for the pathogens to leave the source

- Respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, general urinary track, breaks in skin, mucous membranes, blood stream

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6
Q

Laboratory data indicating infection

A
  • Elevated white blood cell count
  • increase in specific type of white blood cells
  • elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • Presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum or draining cultures
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7
Q

Bacteria

A

Most significant in most prevalent in hospital settings

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8
Q

Virus

A

Smallest of all micro organisms

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9
Q

Fungi

A

Plant like organisms present in air, soil and water

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10
Q

Potential to produce disease depends on

A
  • Number of organisms
  • virulence ( ability to cause disease or harm)
  • Competence of persons immune system
  • Length and intimacy of contact between person in microorganism
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11
Q

Chain of infection

A

Three primary routes:

1) contact
- Direct= “touching the wound”
- indirect= “touching object with it “

2) droplet ( sneeze greater than 5mcm)
3) airborne (breathing, coughing, sneeze, talk less than 5mcm)

Two lesser routes:

  • vehicles
  • vector
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12
Q

Stages of infection

A

1) incubation period: organism growing and multiplying, don’t know you have it yet
2) prodromal stage: person is most infectious vague and nonspecific signs of disease, I don’t know you’re sick you just “feel off”
3) full stage of illness: presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease
4) convalescent period: recovery from infection

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13
Q

Body’s defense against infection

A
  • body’s normal flora
  • inflammatory response
  • immune response
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14
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Protective mechanism

  • localized
  • attack
  • remove dead damaged tissue
  • repair/ replace
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15
Q

Inflammatory response types

A

1) vascular
- vasoconstriction
• confine to area of injury
• limit tissue damage
- vasodilation
• flood area to promote healing

2) cellular ( most active during first 24h)
- increase cellular permeability
• WBC move info area- clean wound- consume debris in order to heal
• results in pain, edema, loss of function

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16
Q

Cardinal sign and symptoms

A
Redness
 heat
edema 
pain 
loss of function
17
Q

Immune response

A

Antigen
- part of attacking organism that is responsible for stimulation of antibodies

  • includes a specific immune response

Antibody
- is a immunoglobulin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen

18
Q

Factors affecting host susceptibility

A
  • intact skin and mucous membranes
  • normal pH levels
  • bodies white blood cells ( on meds that suppress white blood cells you are at risk for infection)
  • age, sex, race, hereditary factors
  • immunizations, natural or acquired
  • fatigue, nutrition and general health status
  • stress
  • Use of invasive or indwelling medical devices
19
Q

Aseptic technique

A
  • includes all activities to prevent or break the chain of infection

Two categories:

  • Medical asepsis: clean technique - reduce number and transfer of pathogens
  • Surgical asepsis: surgical technique - render and keep objects in areas free from micro organisms
20
Q

Medical asepsis

A
Hand hygiene 
caring linens away from your body 
no linens on floor 
cover mouth when sneezing 
do not raise dust 
do not shake linens 
clean to dry 
transmission precautions
21
Q

Use of surgical asepsis

A

Operating room, labor and delivery areas
certain diagnostic testing areas patient bedside ( example for procedures that involve insertion of urinary catheter, sterile dressing changes or preparing an injection medicine)

22
Q

Nosocomial infection risk factors

A
Skin integrity
 age 
multiple illnesses 
invasive procedures/indwelling medical devices 
broad-spectrum antibiotics 
Poor aseptic technique 
multiple healthcare personnel 
extended length of hospitalization
23
Q

Four categories responsible for the majority of hospital acquired infections

A

Urinary track infections

surgical site infections bloodstream infections pneumonia

24
Q

Five minutes for hand hygiene

A

1) Before touching the patient 2)before a clean or a septic procedure
3) after a body fluid exposure risk
4) after touching a patient
5) after touching patient surroundings

25
Factors determining use of sterilization and disinfecting methods
Nature Of organisms present number of organisms present type of equipment intended use of equipment available means for sterilization and disinfection time
26
Cleaning, disinfectant, sterilization
1) cleaning Requires detergent wipes or a detergent solution Cleaning must always come before disinfection 2) disinfection Requires use of a suitable disinfectant (bleach, alcohol) 3)
27
Prevention of spread of infection
PPE | Gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyewear
28
Standard precautions tier 1
- All the time - used in the care of all hospitalized patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status - apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions and excretions (whether or not blood is present or visible) non-intact skin and mucous membranes (except sweat) - New additions are respiratory hygiene, cough etiquette safe injection practices and directions to use a mask when performing high risk prolong procedures involving spinal canal punctures
29
Transmission based precautions their 2
- used in addition to standard precautions for patient in hospital with suspected infection with pathogen that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet or contact rates - directions to Don PPE when entering the room of a patient on contact or droplet precautions
30
Isolation room
- private room - some are negative pressure airflow - all equipment that come into contact with patient are considered contaminated - have to wear a mask when transporting to other areas of the hospital
31
Communicable disease
Infectious disease that is highly transmittable two other patients
32
Humoral immunity
- humoral response: production of antibodies to a specific antigen by the B-cell lymphocytes - antibodies are released into the blood stream - antibodies bind to the specific antigen causing their destruction
33
Cellular immune response
- T-lymphocytes/ T-cells - attack foreign invaders directly - initiated by the binding of an antigen with an antigen receptor located on the surface of the T cell - results in total distraction of the invading microbes or neutralization of the toxin
34
Types of immunity
1) passive - natural: from mother - artificial: injection of serum from immune person 2) active - natural: have the disease - artificial: immunization with antigen