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Nursing 134 fundamentals > Infection And Inflamation > Flashcards

Infection And Inflamation Flashcards

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1
Q

Reservoir

A

Natural habitat of the organism we’re growth and multiplication occur

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2
Q

Prevalent resistant organisms

A
  • methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE)
  • aminoglyciside resistance pseudomonas
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3
Q

Inanimate reservoir

A

Soil, water, other environmental sources, medical equipment

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4
Q

Animate reservoir

A

People, animals, insects

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5
Q

Portal of exit

A
  • Method for the pathogens to leave the source

- Respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, general urinary track, breaks in skin, mucous membranes, blood stream

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6
Q

Laboratory data indicating infection

A
  • Elevated white blood cell count
  • increase in specific type of white blood cells
  • elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • Presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum or draining cultures
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7
Q

Bacteria

A

Most significant in most prevalent in hospital settings

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8
Q

Virus

A

Smallest of all micro organisms

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9
Q

Fungi

A

Plant like organisms present in air, soil and water

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10
Q

Potential to produce disease depends on

A
  • Number of organisms
  • virulence ( ability to cause disease or harm)
  • Competence of persons immune system
  • Length and intimacy of contact between person in microorganism
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11
Q

Chain of infection

A

Three primary routes:

1) contact
- Direct= “touching the wound”
- indirect= “touching object with it “

2) droplet ( sneeze greater than 5mcm)
3) airborne (breathing, coughing, sneeze, talk less than 5mcm)

Two lesser routes:

  • vehicles
  • vector
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12
Q

Stages of infection

A

1) incubation period: organism growing and multiplying, don’t know you have it yet
2) prodromal stage: person is most infectious vague and nonspecific signs of disease, I don’t know you’re sick you just “feel off”
3) full stage of illness: presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease
4) convalescent period: recovery from infection

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13
Q

Body’s defense against infection

A
  • body’s normal flora
  • inflammatory response
  • immune response
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14
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Protective mechanism

  • localized
  • attack
  • remove dead damaged tissue
  • repair/ replace
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15
Q

Inflammatory response types

A

1) vascular
- vasoconstriction
• confine to area of injury
• limit tissue damage
- vasodilation
• flood area to promote healing

2) cellular ( most active during first 24h)
- increase cellular permeability
• WBC move info area- clean wound- consume debris in order to heal
• results in pain, edema, loss of function

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16
Q

Cardinal sign and symptoms

A 
Redness
 heat
edema 
pain 
loss of function
17
Q

Immune response

A

Antigen
- part of attacking organism that is responsible for stimulation of antibodies

  • includes a specific immune response

Antibody
- is a immunoglobulin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen

18
Q

Factors affecting host susceptibility

A
  • intact skin and mucous membranes
  • normal pH levels
  • bodies white blood cells ( on meds that suppress white blood cells you are at risk for infection)
  • age, sex, race, hereditary factors
  • immunizations, natural or acquired
  • fatigue, nutrition and general health status
  • stress
  • Use of invasive or indwelling medical devices
19
Q

Aseptic technique

A
  • includes all activities to prevent or break the chain of infection

Two categories:

  • Medical asepsis: clean technique - reduce number and transfer of pathogens
  • Surgical asepsis: surgical technique - render and keep objects in areas free from micro organisms
20
Q

Medical asepsis

A 
Hand hygiene 
caring linens away from your body 
no linens on floor 
cover mouth when sneezing 
do not raise dust 
do not shake linens 
clean to dry 
transmission precautions
21
Q

Use of surgical asepsis

A

Operating room, labor and delivery areas
certain diagnostic testing areas patient bedside ( example for procedures that involve insertion of urinary catheter, sterile dressing changes or preparing an injection medicine)

22
Q

Nosocomial infection risk factors

A 
Skin integrity
 age 
multiple illnesses 
invasive procedures/indwelling medical devices 
broad-spectrum antibiotics 
Poor aseptic technique 
multiple healthcare personnel 
extended length of hospitalization
23
Q

Four categories responsible for the majority of hospital acquired infections

A

Urinary track infections

surgical site infections bloodstream infections pneumonia

24
Q

Five minutes for hand hygiene

A

1) Before touching the patient 2)before a clean or a septic procedure
3) after a body fluid exposure risk
4) after touching a patient
5) after touching patient surroundings

25
Q

Factors determining use of sterilization and disinfecting methods

A

Nature Of organisms present number of organisms present type of equipment intended use of equipment
available means for sterilization and disinfection
time

26
Q

Cleaning, disinfectant, sterilization

A

1) cleaning
Requires detergent wipes or a detergent solution
Cleaning must always come before disinfection

2) disinfection
Requires use of a suitable disinfectant (bleach, alcohol)

3)

27
Q

Prevention of spread of infection

A

PPE

Gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyewear

28
Q

Standard precautions tier 1

A
  • All the time
  • used in the care of all hospitalized patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status
  • apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions and excretions (whether or not blood is present or visible) non-intact skin and mucous membranes (except sweat)
  • New additions are respiratory hygiene, cough etiquette safe injection practices and directions to use a mask when performing high risk prolong procedures involving spinal canal punctures
29
Q

Transmission based precautions their 2

A
  • used in addition to standard precautions for patient in hospital with suspected infection with pathogen that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet or contact rates
  • directions to Don PPE when entering the room of a patient on contact or droplet precautions
30
Q

Isolation room

A
  • private room
  • some are negative pressure airflow
  • all equipment that come into contact with patient are considered contaminated
  • have to wear a mask when transporting to other areas of the hospital
31
Q

Communicable disease

A

Infectious disease that is highly transmittable two other patients

32
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  • humoral response: production of antibodies to a specific antigen by the B-cell lymphocytes
  • antibodies are released into the blood stream
  • antibodies bind to the specific antigen causing their destruction
33
Q

Cellular immune response

A
  • T-lymphocytes/ T-cells
  • attack foreign invaders directly
  • initiated by the binding of an antigen with an antigen receptor located on the surface of the T cell
  • results in total distraction of the invading microbes or neutralization of the toxin
34
Q

Types of immunity

A

1) passive
- natural: from mother
- artificial: injection of serum from immune person

2) active
- natural: have the disease
- artificial: immunization with antigen

Nursing 134 fundamentals (31 decks)

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