Inequality and discrimination

Question 1

inequality

Answer 1

is ‘the state of not being equal, especially in status and opportunities.’

Question 2

Discrimination

Answer 2

is ‘unjust prejudicial treatment of different categories of people especially on grounds of age, sex and race.’

Question 3

how many areas do these occur?

Answer 3

five:
-race
-religion
-sex
-sexual orientation
-gender identity

Question 4

structure

Answer 4

Whenever you are asked to explain anyone of the 5 types of inequality or discrimination you must start with ‘This means receiving poorer treatment because/due to ….(you then add the information from your notes on that type of discrimination.)

e.g This means receiving poorer treatment because of the physiological characteristics, including DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth. - this would explain Sex discrimination and inequality.

Question 5

race explanation:

Answer 5

Restricted in access to resources such as health, employment and housing.

Victims may become displaced from their homes as they are forced to flee and live in foreign countries as refugees.

Question 6

race: HS

Answer 6

victims may experience violence and death threats due to a weak legal system, such as in low income countries. This may mean that they need to leave their homes and become refugees. Increasing morbidity.

Question 7

race: BOD

Answer 7

Increases YLL as conditions such as hypertension and CVD may go unchecked, as they may not have access to adequate healthcare.

Increased DALY due to poor living conditions as a refugee and threat of violence (even resulting in death, YLL).

Question 8

race: hwb

Answer 8

May leave a person without a sense of belonging in the community, negatively impacting spiritual health and wellbeing

Negative emotions such as stress and fear are common as they lack access to basic resources like housing and therefore negative impacts upon mental health and wellbeing.

Question 9

religion

Answer 9

Everyday, many members of religious or belief communities face discrimination based on their religion of belief.

Question 10

religion: HS

Answer 10

People of a certain religion may be denied access to health care due to discrimination. Meaning conditions such as hypertension and CVD may go untreated. Increasing mortality.

Question 11

religion; BOD

Answer 11

Increased YLD, as people may be arrested, or experience higher rates of violence due to discrimination against their religion.

Question 12

religion: HWB

Answer 12

People of a certain religion may be the target of discrimination, such as Muslim or Jewish Austrlians being sworn at, spat on or being told that they do not ‘belong’ and even getting denied jobs. This may make individuals lose a sense of belonging within the country they live in, decreasing spiritual health and wellbeing.

Question 13

Sex inequality

Answer 13

receiving poorer treatment based on…

Sex refers to the physiological characteristics, including the DNA nd sex organs present in an individual at birth.

Question 14

forced marriage

Answer 14

When one or both of the parties is married against his or her will. Considered a violation of human rights and usually happens to females in middle and low income countries.

Question 15

forced marriage: HS

Answer 15

It is common for girls under the age of 18 to get married to older men and have children. As their body is not yet fully developed and their hips are not widened, during birth the female may experience an obstructed labor which leads to obstetric fistula, increasing morbidity.

Although if the obstetric fistula gets infected it may lead to a obstetric hemorrhage causing maternal mortality.

Question 16

forced marriage: BOD

Answer 16

Increased YLD, as many women in low and middle income countries have to suffer with obstetric fistula.

Question 17

forced marriage: HWB

Answer 17

Many fistula survivors are abandoned by their husbands, rejected by society and forced to live a life of shame. They may spend the rest of their lives as outcasts, therefore losing their sense of belonging within their family and community and have negative thought patterns about themselves decreasing spiritual HWB.

Women may not know how to fix their condition without the help of medical professionals, increasing levels of stress and anxiety and decreasing mental HWB.

Question 18

Female genital mutilation

Answer 18

Procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.

Happens in low and lower middle income countries, and is seen as a right of passage.

Question 19

Female genital mutilation: HS

Answer 19

Females are often tricked or lured into the process of genital mutilation and is usually done against their will. This may have increased mental disorders such as depression and anxiety due to experiencing a traumatic event such as genital mutilation. Increasing morbidity.

Question 20

Female genital mutilation: BOD

Answer 20

Icreased YLD, as genital mutilation causes infections and pain.

Question 21

Female genital mutilation: HWB

Answer 21

Infections caused by genital mutilation may cause women to not e able to complete daily activities, decreasing physical HWB.

Question 22

education/employment

Answer 22

Females often don’t go to school as they are seen as having lower status and are required to cook, clean, collect water and look after children at home.

Question 23

education/employment: HS

Answer 23

Women who lack education may not practice health promoting behaviors such as having their children immunized which reduces the risk of children developing diseases such as malaria. Increasing under 5 mortality rate.

Question 24

education/employment: BOD

Answer 24

Increased YLD as uneducated women may find themselves in more physically demanding jobs such as farming. Which may cause injuries or conditions such as osteoporosis later in life.

Question 25

education/employment: HWB

Answer 25

Women who aren’t educated won’t know the importance of getting their children educated. Meaning they are not educated on health promoting behaviors such as the consumption of nutritious food and access to healthcare. Increasing risk of contracting illness and disease, decreasing physical HWB.

Question 26

fed last, decision making

Answer 26

Females have less say in decisions affecting their lives than males. Societal norms in many countries make men the sole decision makers.

Question 27

fed last, decision making: HS

Answer 27

Women are often the last to be fed and therefore do not receive enough nutrients daily, this is especially dangerous during pregnancy and can lead to malnourishment. Increasing morbidity.

Question 28

fed last, decision making: BOD

Answer 28

Increased YLL, as women can’t make decisions without husbands meaning they may not be able to leave life threatening situations such as cyclones. Leading to premature death.

Increased YLD, as a lack of nutrients may lead to malnutrition.

Question 29

fed last, decision making: HWB

Answer 29

Women are expected to abide by the husbands decisions, violence may result if the woman challenges the man’s authority. Increasing prevalence of injury, decreasing physical HWB.

Question 30

sexual orientation

Answer 30

Describes the sex that an individual is sexually or romantically attracted to.
Described as homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual etc

Question 31

sexual orientation : HS

Answer 31

May be refused access to healthcare, meaning conditions such as hypertension and CVD may go unchecked therefore increasing mortality.

Question 32

sexual orientation: BOD

Answer 32

Increased YLD, as those who do not identify as heterosexual may be subject to discrimination such as physical beatings.

Question 33

sexual orientation: HWB

Answer 33

Those who do not identify as heterosexual may be subject to discrimination such as refused jobs and refused opportunities for education. This may make individuals feel ashamed of their sexuality and create negative thought patterns, decreasing mental health and wellbeing.

Question 34

gender identity

Answer 34

Describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of booth, or neither.

Cisgender, transgender etc

Question 35

gender identity: HS

Answer 35

Those who do not identify as heterosexual are more likely to experience mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. Increasing morbidity.

Question 36

gender identity: BOD

Answer 36

Increased YLD, experience both verbal and physical homophobic abuse.

Question 37

gender identity: HWB

Answer 37

Those who do not identify as heterosexual may be rejected by their family and community and made to feel shameful, decreasing a sense of belonging and impacting spiritual health and wellbeing.

Question 38

gender identity: HWB No.2

Answer 38

Those who do not identify as heterosexual experience more physical homophobic abuse, this may lead to serious injury and affect individuals ability to complete daily tasks. Decreasing physical HWB.