Immunology Part 10

Question 1

Who was Robert Koch and what did he invent?

Answer 1

A German physician, co-father of germ theory and bacteriology, invented the Petri dish

Question 2

What did Koch’s postulates include?

Answer 2

Bacteria must be present in every case of the disease and bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture

Question 3

Who was Louis Pasteur and what did he discover?

Answer 3

French scientist, co-father of germ theory and bacteriology, demonstrated that fermentation is due to the growth of micro-organisms and responsible for spoiling beverages

Question 4

Who was Joseph Lister and what did he promote?

Answer 4

Father of antiseptics, promoted the sterilising of surgical instruments and cleaning wounds, Listerine mouthwash named after him

Question 5

Who was Florence Nightingale and what did she do?

Answer 5

A British nurse during the Crimean War, known as the Lady with the Lamp, she linked sanitary conditions with improvements in healing

Question 6

Who was Alexander Fleming and what did he discover?

Answer 6

Scottish biologist and pharmacologist who discovered penicillin

Question 7

Who was Howard Walter Florey and what did he do?

Answer 7

Australian pharmacologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945, and turned penicillin into a medicine

Question 8

If you receive a cut on your hand, what would you use to kill the microorganisms and clean the wound?

Answer 8

Antiseptics

Question 9

What is penicillin a type of?

Answer 9

Antibiotic

Question 10

How can a pathogen cause disease?

Answer 10

Disturbing the host’s metabolism, hijacking the internal mechanisms of the cell and interfering with the host’s immune system

Question 11

Why would a well-adapted parasite not kill its host?

Answer 11

They would only seek to gain nutrition from their host, and they have now adapted to not possess systems of the host they do not require

Question 12

What reproductive features allow parasites such as worms to overcome their isolated lifestyle?

Answer 12

Some worms are hermaphrodites, meaning they contain both male and female sex organs, allowing themselves to reproduce via self-fertilisation

Question 13

How can the spread of worms through dogs eating each other’s faeces be controlled?

Answer 13

Worming tablets, picking up dog faeces and personal hygiene

Question 14

What are cells that produce antibodies called?

Answer 14

Plasma B cells

Question 15

What type of immunity is a foetus given antibodies by the placenta from the mother an example of?

Answer 15

Natural, passive immunity

Question 16

What happens to people born without the third line of defence?

Answer 16

They cannot produce antibodies

Question 17

Why would the injection of anti-hepatitas antibodies, no longer be effective after one month?

Answer 17

The person’s phagocytes would have engulfed the foreign antibodies by then

Question 18

Why do some vaccines require 2 injections, 3 months apart?

Answer 18

The first exposure only creates a response within a short duration, however after a second exposure, the body’s response is strong and long lasting due to the presence of memory cells

Question 19

Why will people who contact HIV die of secondary diseases?

Answer 19

They have difficulty fending off normal pathogens because the HIV kills T cells, and therefore B cells are not activated and no antibodies are produced, so secondary diseases can sweep in and kill