Immunology Part 10 Flashcards
Who was Robert Koch and what did he invent?
A German physician, co-father of germ theory and bacteriology, invented the Petri dish
What did Koch’s postulates include?
Bacteria must be present in every case of the disease and bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture
Who was Louis Pasteur and what did he discover?
French scientist, co-father of germ theory and bacteriology, demonstrated that fermentation is due to the growth of micro-organisms and responsible for spoiling beverages
Who was Joseph Lister and what did he promote?
Father of antiseptics, promoted the sterilising of surgical instruments and cleaning wounds, Listerine mouthwash named after him
Who was Florence Nightingale and what did she do?
A British nurse during the Crimean War, known as the Lady with the Lamp, she linked sanitary conditions with improvements in healing
Who was Alexander Fleming and what did he discover?
Scottish biologist and pharmacologist who discovered penicillin
Who was Howard Walter Florey and what did he do?
Australian pharmacologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945, and turned penicillin into a medicine
If you receive a cut on your hand, what would you use to kill the microorganisms and clean the wound?
Antiseptics
What is penicillin a type of?
Antibiotic
How can a pathogen cause disease?
Disturbing the host’s metabolism, hijacking the internal mechanisms of the cell and interfering with the host’s immune system
Why would a well-adapted parasite not kill its host?
They would only seek to gain nutrition from their host, and they have now adapted to not possess systems of the host they do not require
What reproductive features allow parasites such as worms to overcome their isolated lifestyle?
Some worms are hermaphrodites, meaning they contain both male and female sex organs, allowing themselves to reproduce via self-fertilisation
How can the spread of worms through dogs eating each other’s faeces be controlled?
Worming tablets, picking up dog faeces and personal hygiene
What are cells that produce antibodies called?
Plasma B cells
What type of immunity is a foetus given antibodies by the placenta from the mother an example of?
Natural, passive immunity
What happens to people born without the third line of defence?
They cannot produce antibodies
Why would the injection of anti-hepatitas antibodies, no longer be effective after one month?
The person’s phagocytes would have engulfed the foreign antibodies by then
Why do some vaccines require 2 injections, 3 months apart?
The first exposure only creates a response within a short duration, however after a second exposure, the body’s response is strong and long lasting due to the presence of memory cells
Why will people who contact HIV die of secondary diseases?
They have difficulty fending off normal pathogens because the HIV kills T cells, and therefore B cells are not activated and no antibodies are produced, so secondary diseases can sweep in and kill
