IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 2 Flashcards
_____________ is the most abundant type of white blood cell, ingest and destroy invading bacteria and fungi by a process known as phagocytosis while eosinophils phagocytize larger parasites
neutrophils
circulating _________ migrate from the bloodstream to diseased tissues where they differentiate into phagocytic macrophages
monocytes
granulocytes such as ________ and _________ released stored effectors that attract additional leukocytes to the site of infection and trigger an inflammatory response
basophils, mast cells
____________ and ___________ target virally infected and malignantly transformed host cells
cytotoxic t cells and natural killer cells
leukocytes and endothelial cells contain cell surface lectins called ___________ which participate in intracellular adhesion
they are single chain calcium binding transmembrane proteins; the amino terminals contain a lectin domain which is involved in binding to specific carbohydrate ligands
selectins
selectins bind _______ and __________
sialylated and fucosylated oligosaccharides
__________ have selectin ligands on their surfaces which may have a role in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells
cancer cells
_____________- the lack of the beta 2 subunit (also designated CD18) of LFA-1 and of two related integrins found in neutrophils and macrophages
type 1 leukocyte adhesion deficiency
__________ and _________ impairs the ability of the affected leukocyte to adhere to vascular endothelial cells impeding diapedesis
MAC 1(CD11b/18) and P150,95 (CD11c/18)
lymphocytes that have yet to be stimulated to produce immunoglobulins are said to be _______
naive
macrophages, neutrophils, and phagocytic lymphocytes called ___________ display or present fragments of macromolecules they have destroyed by phagocytosis
plasma cells
__________ recognize proteins that appear on the surface of host cells as a consequence of viral infection or oncogenic transformation
cytotoxic t cells
____________ resemble cytotoxic t cells but contain granules holding additional toxic chemicals to aid in their attack
natural killer cells
every individual contains clonally derived lymphocytes of each clone having arisen from a single precursor and being capable of recognizing and responding to a specific antigenic determinant
clonal selection hypothesis
B lymphocytes can be
PM
Plasma cells
Memory B cells
cells that have been exposed to an antigen and are readily converted to effector cells by a later encounter with the same antigen
memory b cells
membrane immunoglobulin of B lymphocyte in BL receptor complex
IgM and IgD
involved in graft rejection hypersensitivity reactions and many defense against malignant cells and many viruses
t lymphocytes
t cells exert their effects by synthesizing and releasing ______
hormone like proteins that act by binding specific receptors on their target cells
cytokines
destroys transplanted and virus-infected cells
CD8 T cells
with granzymes and perforins
cytotoxic t cells
CD4 t cells
they get their name from the help they provide to effector cells
B cells and cytotoxic t lymphocytes
Helper T cells
type of helper t cells
concerned with cellular immunity
controls intracellular pathogens such as viruses and certain bacteria (Listeria and myobacterium tuberculosis)
T helper 1 (Th1)
type of t helper cell
interact primarily with B cells in relation to humoral immunity
essential production of IgE
IL4
T helper 2 (Th2)
Type of t helper cell
provided help to B cells enabling them to develop into antibody secreting plasma cells
found in lymph nodes and they are the most abundant helper t cells
T follicular helper cells
type of t helper cells
protects surfaces (skin, lining of the intestines) against extracellular bacteria
Th17
regulation of cellular and humoral immunity
also called regulatory t cells
secreted interleukin 10 which a powerful immunosuppressant which inhibits action of CD8 cytotoxic t lymphocyte
suppressor t cells
type of t cells
previously exposed to antigen and converted to t cells
memory t cells
bridge between innate and adaptive
resides in peripheral tissues (skin, liver and intestine)
orchestrate via secretion of migration of other types of immune cells within lymph nodes
dendritic cells
process of tagging an invader with protective proteins to facilitate recognition by phagocytic leukocytes is called
opsonization
responsible for the green color of pus
genetic deficiency can cause recurrent infections
myeloperoxidase
key component of the respiratory burst deficient in chronic ganulomatous disease
NADPH oxidase
abundant in macrophages hydrolyzes bacterial peptidoglycans
hydrolyzes link between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl D glucosamine found in certain bacterial walls
lysozyme
basic antibiotic peptides of 20-33 amino acids
apparently kills bacteria causing membrane damage
defensins
may inhibit growth of certain bacteria by binding iron and may be involved in regulation of proliferation of myeloid cells
lactoferrin
elastase, collagenase, gelatinase, cathepsin g
abundant in phagocytes; breakdown protein components of infectious organisms; generate fragments for antigen presentation
proteases
