CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM (GLYCOLYSIS) Flashcards
glycolysis is the major pathway for ________________; found in all cells
glucose utilization
aerobic glycolysis (function if oxygen is available) the product is __________________
pyruvate
anaerobic glycolysis (function if oxygen is absent) the product is __________________
lactate/lactic acid
glycolysis sets the stage for the complete oxidation of glucose to _____ and____
water and carbon dioxide
two phases of glycolysis (according to Harper’s)
energy investment phase
energy generation phase
two phases of glycolysis (according to Lehninger)
preparatory phase
payoff phase
a phosphoryl group is transferred from ATP to a glycolytic intermediate or vice versa
ex: Glucose + ATP to Glucose 6 phosphate + ADP
phosphoryl transfer
a phosphoryl group is shifted within a molecule from one oxygen atom to another
ex: 3 phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoryl shift
a ketose is converted into an aldose or vice verse
ex: glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate
isomerization
a molecule of water is eliminated
2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolypruvate
dehydration
a carbon to carbon bond is split in a reversal of an aldol condensation
ex: fructose 1,6 biphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
aldol cleavage
the 3 irreversible steps of glycolysis
G-G6P
F6P-F1,6P
PP-P
- glucose -> glucose 6 phosphate
- fructose 6 phosphate -> fructose 1,6 phosphate
- phosphoenol pyruvate -> pyruvate
REACTIONS 1,3,10
the 3 enzymes of the irreversible steps of glycolysis
hexokinase/glucokinase
phosphofructokinase-1
pyruvate kinase
REACTION 1 enzyme that converts glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
phosphorylation reaction
glucokinase/hexokinase
REACTION 2 enzyme that converts glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate
isomerization reaction
phosphohexose isomerase
REACTION 3 enzyme that converts fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 biphosphate
phosphorylation reaction
phosphofructokinase
REACTION 4 enzyme that splits fructose 1,6 biphosphate to G3P + DHAP
aldolase
REACTION 5 enzyme of isomerization reaction where DHAP and G3P are interconvertible
produced another G3P
tiosephosphate isomerase
REACTION 6 enzyme that converts G3P to 1,3 Biphosphoglycerate
produced NADH+H
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
REACTION 7 enzyme 1,3 biphosphoglycerate to 3 phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate kinase
REACTION 8 enzyme 3 phosphoglycerate to 2 phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate mutase
REACTION 9 2 enzyme of phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolypyruvate
dehydration reaction
enolase
REACTION 10 enzyme of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
pyruvate kinase
in the mitochondrial shuttle systems
Malate Aspartate shuttle system for COMPLEX 1 produces 2.5 ATP produced x 2 per NADH = ____________
5 ATP
