ENERGY METABOLISM III AND IV

Question 1

functions as a rotary motor to form ATP

imbedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

consists of Fo subcomplex, Gamma subunit, and F1 subcomplex

Answer 1

ATP synthase

Question 2

disk of c protein subunits

Answer 2

Fo subcomplex

Question 3

attached to Fo and F1 complexes

Answer 3

gamma subunitm

Question 4

made up of 3 alpha and 3 beta subunits

Answer 4

F1 subcomplex

Question 5

in ATP synthase

_____ ATPs are generated per revolution of beta subunits

Answer 5

3 ATPs

Question 6

availability of ADP and and reduced substrate

Answer 6

state 1

Question 7

availability of substrate only

Answer 7

state 2

Question 8

the capacity of the respiratory chain itself when all substrates and components are present in saturating amounts

Answer 8

state 3

Question 9

availability of ADP only (e.g. cells in the resting state)

Answer 9

state 4

Question 10

availability of oxygen only

Answer 10

state 5

Question 11

cell approaches during exercise to state ______ or ______

Answer 11

state 3 or 5

Question 12

P-O ratio for NADH

Answer 12

2.5

Question 13

P-O ratio for FADH2

Answer 13

1.5

Question 14

function: e-transport inhibitor for Iron-sulfur center to CoQ

Complex 1

Answer 14

barbiturates (rotenone)

Question 15

electron transport inhibitor

complex 1

Answer 15

amytal

Question 16

electron transport inhibitor
because of structural similarity between malonic acid and succinic acid

complex 2

Answer 16

malonate

Question 17

electron transport inhibitor

complex III

Answer 17

antimycin A and dimercaprol

Question 18

electron transport inhibitor

complex IV

Answer 18

cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, azide

Question 19

uncoupling agent

removes the link between the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation

transmembrane H+ carrier

Answer 19

2,4 dinitrophenol

Question 20

uncoupling agent generates body heat

transmembrane H+ carrier

found in brown adipose tissue, functions to generate body heat/tissues of newborns and during hibernation in animals

Answer 20

thermogenin

Question 21

thyroid hormone, natural uncoupler, in patient with hyperthyroidism ___________ in blood and tissue is elevated which results in high body temp

Answer 21

thyroxine

Question 22

inhibits ATP synthase

OSCP of ATP synthase
blocks flow of protons through ATP synthase

Answer 22

oligomycin (antibiotic)

Question 23

due to mutation in the mitochondrial genes that encode 3 subunits of Complex I

Answer 23

leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

Question 24

severe diminution or absence of most oxidoreductases of the ETC

Answer 24

fatal infantile mitochondrial myopathy and renal dysfunction

Question 25

due to NADH-Q oxidoreductase (Complex I) or cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV) deficiency caused by mutation in mitochondrial DNA

Answer 25

mitochondiral encephalopathy lactic acidosis and stroke

Question 26

iron is required to maintain normal amounts of hemoglobin, cytochroms and iron-sulfur complexes that are central to oxygen transport and energy metabolism

Answer 26

iron deficiency anemia

Question 27

may lead to anemia and cardiomyopathy die to failure to synthesize adequate amounts of cytochrome c oxidase and other enzymes including several cuproenzymes

Answer 27

copper deficiency in neonates

Question 28

occlusion of a major coronary artery during acute MI results in ischemia or lowered O2 supply ETC is inhibited w/ concomitant decrease in ATP and activation of anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 28

ischemia

Question 29

when acute MI is managed by thrombolysis the removal of the thrombus results in reperfusion of oxygen to the affected myocardium at this point many ROS will be formed because there will be more oxygen than the available electrons increased superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals

Answer 29

reperfusion injury

Question 30

study of energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions describes transfer and utilization energy

Answer 30

bioenergetics

Question 31

total energy of a system including its surroundings remain constant energy can be converted from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 31

1st law of thermodynamics: Law of conservation

Question 32

total entropy of a system must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously law of increased entropy entropy is the extent of disorder or randomness

Answer 32

2nd law of thermodynamics: law of entropy

Question 33

_________ is the extent of disorder or randomness of the system and its total amount in nature is increasing

Answer 33

entropy (S)

Question 34

refers to state known as absolute zero not physically possible but it is the mathematic limit of the universe

Answer 34

third law of thermodynamics: state of absolute zero

Question 35

heat content in a system

Answer 35

enthalpy

Question 36

chemical potential/energy that is free to do work

Answer 36

free energy

Question 37

negative reaction is ____________ heat will be released to the surroundings

Answer 37

exothermic

Question 38

positive reaction is ________ heat will be absorbed from the surroundings

Answer 38

endothermic

Question 39

zero reaction is __________ no net exchange of heat occurs with the surroundings

Answer 39

isothermic

Question 40

standard state defined as having a pH of _________

Answer 40

7.0

Question 41

free energy change in free energy' useful energy in a system also called chemical potential as it approaches zero as reaction proceeds to equilibrium predicts whether a reaction is favorable or not

Answer 41

gibbs free energy

Question 42

if deltaG is __________- reaction proceeds spontaneously with loss of free energy reaction: exergonic (release of energy)

Answer 42

exergonic

Question 43

if delta G is _______ reaction proceeds only if free energy can be gained reaction is endergonic if magnitude of delta G is great the system is stable with little or no tendency for a reaction to occur

Answer 43

positive

Question 44

if delta G is ____ system is at equilibrium and no net change takes place (ISOERGONIC)

Answer 44

zero

Question 45

2 high energy phosphates bonds in ATP

Answer 45

beta high energy phosphate bond gamma high energy phosphate bond