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BIOCHEMISTRY > IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1 > Flashcards

IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1 Flashcards

1
Q

immune reponses are specific for distinct antigen
epitope is that part of the antigen specifically recognized by antibodies

A

specificity

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2
Q

immune system can discriminate at least 10 to the 9th antigenic determinants or epitopes

due to variability in the structures of the antigen-binding sites of lymphocyte receptors for antigens

A

diversity

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3
Q

exposure of the immune system to a foreign antigen enhances its ability to respond again to that antigen

secondary immune responses are usually more rapid and larger

A

memory

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4
Q

all normal immune responses wane with time after antigen stimulation

results from the elimination of the stimulus for lymphocyte activation since the immune response functions to eliminate the antigen

A

self-limitation

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4
Q

ability to distinguish between foreign antigens and self antigen

tolerance is immunologic unresponsiceness

autoimmune diseases are due to abnormalities in the maintenance of self-tolerance

A

discrimination of self-from nonself

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5
Q

signposts that serve to alert the immune system if foreign material is present inside a cell

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

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6
Q

highly polymorphic genes are located on ________ and are called human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

traditionally divided into classes I, II, and III

A

Chromosome 6

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7
Q

Located in surfaces of all nucleated cells

A

Class I molecules

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8
Q

found on antigen presenting cells (B lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells)

A

CLASS II molecules

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9
Q

class I molecules have one alpha chain encoded by the genes ________________ and a small invariant chain the _______________

A

Genes HLA, B or C
Beta 2 microglobulin

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10
Q

__________________ have receptors for the class I MHC proteins (CD8)

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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11
Q

the alpha and beta chains of class II molecules are encoded by genes __________

A

genes HLA-DR, DP, DQ
(D-region)

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12
Q

_______________ have receptors for class II MHC proteins (CD4)

A

Helper T cells

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13
Q

______________ (e.g. from antigens are formed from the degradation of cytosolic proteins (“self” pathogen and tumour derived proteins in the cytoplasm)

A

peptides

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14
Q

in an APC newly synthesized MHC class I molecules bind to ____________ which retains them in a partially folded state in the ER

A

calnexin

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15
Q

calnexin is then replaced by __________ and _____________ to keep the MHC complex in its properly folded state

it binds to TAP 1 and TAP 2 via tapasin

A

calreticulin and tapasin

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15
Q

antigens are inhaled, ingested or introduced beneath the skin

A

exogenous antigens

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16
Q

___________- is engulfed by endocytosis

A

antigen

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17
Q

phases of immune response

A

cognitive phase
activation phase
effector phase

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18
Q

binding of foreign antigens to specific receptors on mature lymphocytes that exist prior to antigenic stimulation

B-lymphocytes express antibody molecules on their surfaces that can bind foreign antigens
T-lymphocytes express receptors that recognize short peptide sequences in protein antigens

A

cognitive phase

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19
Q

sequence of events induced in lymphocytes as a consequence of specific antigen recognition

lymphocytes: undergo 2 major changes which are proliferate and differentiate

A

activation phase

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20
Q

stages when lymphocytes specifically activated by antigens perform the functions that lead to the elimination of the antigen

participation of non-lymphoid cells (neutrophils)
substances - complement and cytokines

A

effector phase

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21
Q

cells involved in innate immunity

A

phagocytes (macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils)

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22
Q

soluble mediators in innate immunity

A

macrophage derived cytokines

23
Q

cells involved in adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes

24
Q

soluble mediators in adaptive immunity

A

lymphocyte derived cytokines

25
Q

3 forms of complement system activation

A

classical
alternative
mannose-binding lectin

26
Q

the ______________ for activating complex system is triggered when an antibody-antigen complex binds to and stimulates the protease activity of factor C1

A

classical pathway

27
Q

the classical pathway for activating complex system is triggered when an antibody antigen complex binds to and stimulates the protease activity of factor ______

A

C1

28
Q

C5b protein combines with complement factors C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form ______

which kills bacterial invaders by binding to and opening a pore in their plasma membrane

A

membrane attack complex

29
Q

____________, wherein the complexes formed when a complement factor known as mannose binding lectin (MBL) also called mannan binding protein binds bacterial polysaccharides to generate a complex that recruits and activates C4

A

lectin pathway

30
Q

the complement system can also be activated by __________ in which C3 is activated by direct chemical hydrolysis sometimes referred to as ticking over

A

alternative pathway

30
Q

differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells is regulates by a set of secreted glycoproteins called _________

A

cytokines

31
Q

stem cell factor and several colony stimulating factors collaborate with interleukins ___________ to stimulate the proliferation of hematopoetic stem cells in the bone marrow and induce their differentiation into one of several myeloid cell types

A

Interleukins 1,3,6

32
Q

cytokines includes
(I, I, C)

A

interleukins, interferons, chemokines

33
Q

__________- attract and activate migrating leukocytes to a site of injury or infection

A

chemokines

34
Q

most cytokines are glycosylated, in general they stimulate both the leukocytes from which they are secreted (____________ signaling) as well as other types of leukocytes (p__________ signalling)

A

autocrine, paracrine

35
Q

_________ derived their name from their ability to inhibit or interfere with the replication of infecting viruses

A

interferons

36
Q

___________ derive their name from the cells in which they are synthesized and from which they are secreted

A

interleukins

37
Q

leukocytes also secrete lipid mediators called _________ produced by the oxidation of arachidonic acid

A

eicosanoids

38
Q

eicosanoids fall into two broad classes ____________ and ___________

A

leukotrienes and prostaglandins

39
Q

______________ are characterized by a presence of a set of three conjugated carbon-carbon double bounds
several incorporate cysteine into their structure

A

leukotrienes

40
Q

_____________ were isolated from prostate glands contain 20 carbon atoms and are distinguished by their common 5 membered ring

A

prostaglandins

41
Q

___________ which is synthesized y decarboxylating the amino acid histidine, is secreted by activated basophils and mast cells

A

histamine

42
Q

Type of chemokine

characterized by an intrachain disulfide bond formed by a pair of conserved cytseine residues

possesses a disulfide bond

A

type c chemokine

42
Q

Small generally 6-10 kDa proteins secreted by activated white blood cells in order to attract additional neutrophils to a site of infection or injury

A

chemokines

43
Q

type of chemokine

one of the additional cysteine residues lies adjacent to the first of the first pair of universally conserved residues

A

type CC chemokine

44
Q

type of chemokine

in types __________- these cysteines are separated by 1 and 3 amino acid residues respectively

A

type CXC and CX3X

45
Q

type of chemokine

largest of the 4 types of chemokines, have a longer C-terminus that includes sites of covalent modification by glycosylation

A

type CX3C

46
Q

leukocytes can be found throughout the body migrating from the blood to sites of injury or infection in response to chemical signals referred to as ___________

A

chemotaxis

47
Q

migration out of the circulation takes place via _________ an amoeboid mechanism involving the cytoskeleton mediated contortion of the cell

A

diapedesis

48
Q

chemotaxis is mediated by g-protein receptors

upon ligand binding a signal transduction cascade is initiated in which G proteins activate _________ which hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5 biphosphate to produce diacylglycerols and the water soluble 2nd messenger IP3

A

phospholipase C

49
Q

oligomeric glycoproteins whose individual subunits traditionally have been classified as heavy H or light L based on their migration during SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

A

immunoglobin

50
Q

type of immunoglobulin

main antibody in the secondary response, opsonizes bacteria, making them easier to phagocytose. fixes complement which enhances bacterial killing. neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses

crosses placent

A

IgG

51
Q

secretory IgA prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes. does not fix complement

A

IgA

52
Q

produced in primary response to antigen, fixes complement does not cross placenta, antigen receptor on the surface of B cells

A

IgM

53
Q

found on surfcaes of b cells where it acts as a receptor for antigen

A

IgD

54
Q

mediates immediate hypersensitivity by causing release of mediators from mast cells and basophils upon exposure to antigen

defends against work infections by causing release of enzymes from eosinophils

does not fix complement

against helmithic infections

A

IgE

55
Q

site on the antigen to which an antibody
binds

A

epitope or antigenic determinant

BIOCHEMISTRY (40 decks)

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