FLUID ELECTROLYTE AND ACID BASE BALANCE I

Question 1

__________ accounts for 70% of a cell’s weight

most intracellular reaction occur in aqueous environment

Answer 1

water

Question 2

properties of water include:

(P, H, UBS)

Answer 2

polar assymetry
high affinity for other water molecules

Question 3

water transports _______ and __________

Answer 3

gases (O2 & CO2)
substances (nutrients and hormones)

Question 4

water minimizes temperature changes throughout the body

water has a _____________

Answer 4

high specific heat

Question 5

factors that affect the total body water
these are

(A, D, G)

Answer 5

age
degree of obesity
gender

Question 6

2 major sources of water include

P, M

Answer 6

preformed water
metabolic water

Question 7

water from food and drinks amounting to 2,100 mL/day

Answer 7

preformed water

Question 8

water from oxidation of carbohydrates amounting to 200 mL/day

Answer 8

metabolic water

Question 9

continous loss of water through evaporation which could ether be through the skin or the lungs

Answer 9

insensible water losses

Question 10

the main means by which our body maintains fluid is through _______

Answer 10

urine

Question 11

the __________accounts for 40% of the total body weight

Answer 11

intracellular fluid

Question 12

the ______ accounts for the 20% of the body weight

divided into the blood plasma (1/4 of ECF) and interstitial fluid (3/4) of ECF

Answer 12

extracellular fluid

Question 13

fluids found in synovial joints, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular spaces, and cerebrospinal fluid

considered to be a specialized type of ECF

constitute about 1-2 liters

Answer 13

transcellular ions

Question 14

major substances in the extracellular fluid

(Na, Cl, Ca, HCO3)

Answer 14

sodium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate

Question 15

major substances in the intracellular fluid

(P, P, S, M, P)

Answer 15

potassium, phosphate, sulfate, magnesium, proteins

Question 16

the cells are separated by _______________ which is also the capillary pores

allows water soluble substances to pass through in-and-out that pore to allow the exchange between the interstitial fluid and plasma

Answer 16

intercellular cleft

Question 17

there is no problem with the exchange of ______________ because they can diffuse directly through the cell membrane without having to pass through the capillary pores

Answer 17

lipid soluble substances

Question 18

exchange of water nutrients and other substances between the blood and interstitial fluid

Answer 18

diffusion

Question 19

due to the weight of water pushing against a surface

force fluid and its dissolved substances through the capillary pores into interstitial space

Answer 19

hydrostatic forces

Question 20

due to the attraction of water to larger molecules such as proteins (albumin)

also called plasma oncotic pressure

exerted by plasma proteins that are more abundant within the blood vessels than outside, this tends to attract water in from the interstitial space

Answer 20

osmotic pressure

Question 21

4 primary forces that determine whether the fluid will move out of the blood into the interstitial fluid or in the opposite direction

which are:

capillary hydrostatic pressure
interstitial hydrostatic pressure
capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure
interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 21

starling’s forces

Question 22

tends to force fluid outward through the capillary membrane

30-40 mmHg (arterial ends)
10-15 mmHg (venous ends)

Answer 22

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 23

tends to force fluid inward through the capillary membrane when IFHP is positive but outward when IFHP is negative

an average interstitial fluid pressure in loose subcutaneous tissues is about 3mmHg

Answer 23

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

Question 24

tends to cause osmosis of fluid inward through the capillary membrane

Average COP in normal human plasma = 28 mmHg
Dissolved proteins = 19 mmHg
Donnan effect = 9 mmHg

Answer 24

capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Question 25

additional osmotic pressure caused by the presence of potassium, sodium and other cations held by plasma proteins

Answer 25

donnan effect

Question 26

tends to cause osmosis of fluid outward through the capillary membrane about 8 mmHg

Answer 26

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

Question 27

difference between the pushing force - pulling forces NFP = (CHP+IFOP) - (COP+IFHP) NFP = pushing force - pulling force

Answer 27

net filtration pressure

Question 28

__________ value there will be a net fluid filtration across the capillaries pushing>pullling; filtration occurs

Answer 28

positive value of NFP

Question 29

__________ value there will be a net fluid absorption from the interstitial spaces into the capillaries pushing

Answer 29

negative value of NFP

Question 30

determinant of fluid distribution between the ECF and ICF moves water from one compartment to another water transfers from dilute to concentrated compartment

Answer 30

osmosis

Question 31

osmolal (solute) concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles per Kg of water (Osm/kg)

Answer 31

osmolality

Question 32

it is the solute concentration relative to the amount of water, expressed as (Osm/L), osmoles of solute per liter of solvent

Answer 32

osmolarity

Question 33

water is confined to a particular body compartment whereas sodium is largely confined to the ECF and this is maintained by the ______________

Answer 33

sodium/potassium ATPase pump

Question 34

ECF osmolarity and sodium concentration regulation are closely associated because the major extracellular cation is ________________

Answer 34

sodium

Question 35

the ______________ is the center for the mechanisms that regulate body fluids

Answer 35

hypothalamus

Question 36

______ and _______-- control the regulation of ECF osmolarity and body fluid volumes

Answer 36

ADH and Aldosterone

Question 37

found in the hypothalamus trigger ADH production in response to 1. dehydration due to water loss or lack of fluid intake 2. relative dehydration: no overall loss of water content but there is gain of sodium ions common denominator: increased plasma osmolarity

Answer 37

osmoreceptors

Question 38

found in the atria of the heart, pulmonary vein and artery messages are relayed to the hypothalamus via the vagus nerve ADH secretion stimulated by reduction of around 8-10% from the normal body volume water

Answer 38

baroreceptors

Question 39

steroid hormones secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex decreases urinary Na excretion in response to reduced ECF volume by increase Na reabsorption in the renal tubules at the expense of potassium and hydrogen ions

Answer 39

aldosterone

Question 40

polypeptide hormone secreted by the right atrium of the heart its physiologic is the opposite of aldosterone increases urine sodium excretion in response to increased ECF volume

Answer 40

atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 41

__________ center in the hypothalamus connected to the response of the osmoreceptors -> increased plasma osmolarity stimulates osmoreceptors which in turn stimulates sensation of thirst degree of dryness of mucosal linings of mouth and pharynx and stretch receptors of GIT

Answer 41

thirst response

Question 42

effects of different solute concentration on cell volume

Answer 42

tonicity

Question 43

occurs when there is insufficient fluid in all of the components occurs when water water input is less than water loss

Answer 43

dehydration

Question 44

leads to fluid accumulation in the tissues particularly in the interstitial compartment may result from underproduction of urine

Answer 44

overhydration

Question 45

hypotonic contraction of ECF fluid has fewer solutes than normal plasma relatively uncommon causes: heat stroke, exhaustion

Answer 45

hypotonic dehydration

Question 46

isotonic contraction of ECF fluid has the same osmolarity as normal plasma most common form of dehydration causes: diuretic therapy, excessive vomiting ,excessive urine loss, hemorrhage, decreased fluid intake

Answer 46

isotonic dehydration

Question 47

hypertonic contraction of the ECF ECF has more solutes than normal plasma second most common type of dehydration causes: diabetes insipidus, diabetic ketoacidosis, watery diarrhea, iatrogenic: prolonged NPO, tube feedings with inadequate amount of water

Answer 47

hypertonic dehydration

Question 48

hypotonic expansion of the ECF causes: too much IV D5W tap water enemas psychogenic cause: excessive drinking of plain water

Answer 48

hypotonic overhydration

Question 49

isotonic expansion of the ECF rarely happens in persons with normal heart and kidneys causes: over administration of IV isotonic fluids excessive saline enemas

Answer 49

isotonic overhydration

Question 50

hypertonic expansion of the ECF causes: over administration of hypertonic IV fluids hypertonic tube feedings ingestion of sea water

Answer 50

hypertonic overhydration