IFSTA(5th)-Chapter 7 Flashcards
In the IFSTA, ______ refers to all knots/hitches/loops/and bends used in the fire service.
knot
5 applications for rope
access/egress rescue/self-rescue hoisting tools stabilization cordoning off
3 FF1 rope skills required under NFPA 1001
Hoist tools/equipment with proper knot.
how to select proper rope for a specific task.
how to maintain the various types of rope.
2 FF2 rope skills required by NFPA 1001
rescue victims from automobile crashes.
assist technical rescue teams.
Life-Safety Rope
rope that meets NFPA 1983 and is dedicated solely for supporting people during emergency operations/training.
Utility Rope
rope used in any situation except life-safety applications
NFPA 1983
Std. on Life-Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services
Block creel construction
without knots or splices
Rope suitable for life-safety must use _____ .
continuous filament virgin fiber for load-bearing elements
5 criteria for life-safety rope to be re-used
no visible damage. no exposure to high heat/direct flame. rope has not been impact loaded. no exposure to corrosive materials. rope must pass inspection by a qualified person before and after each use.
“Destroy”
to alter a rope in such a manner that it cannot be mistaken for a life-safety rope.
2 reasons when Rope should be “destroyed”
fails to pass inspection
it has been impact loaded
Impact Loading is AKA
shock loading
Natural Fiber Rope
consists of cotton or hemp(Manila or sisal) and is only used for utility purposes.
4 qualities to synthetic fiber rope
continuous fibers running the entire length of the rope.
excellent resistance to rotting and mildew.
excellent strength.
easy to maintain.
8 types of rope fiber
nylon polyester polypropylene polyethylene Kevlar aramid H. Spectra polyethylene manila cotton
which rope fibers float?
polypropylene
polyethylene
H. Spectra polyethylene
Which rope fibers are stronger when wet?
manila(15% stronger)
cotton(15% stronger)
Which fiber is best for elongation at break and impact loading?
nylon-elongates 20-34%
Which rope fibers weaken when wet?
nylon(weakens 15%) Kevlar aramid(weakens 10%)
Which 3 ropes do not melt?
manila
cotton
kevlar aramid
Natural Fiber ropes need to be stored ______ due to susceptibility to ________ .
dry
rotting and mildew
if ropes melt, at what temp. would the first fibers start to melt?
275 degrees F
(H. Spectra Polyethylene)
(Polyethylene)
Rope melting points
nylon=480 degrees F
polyester=500 degrees F
polypropylene=330 degrees F
For the 3 ropes that do not melt, they char at what temp?
manila=350 degrees F
cotton=300 degrees F
kevlar aramid=800 degrees F
List the order of best abrasion resistance for rope fibers
1-h. spectra polyethylene 2-polyester 3-nylon 4-manila 5-kevlar aramid 6-polyethylene 7-polypropylene 8-cotton
which 2 ropes are the least resistant to sunlight?
polypropylene
polyethylene
polyester has poor resistance to ______ .
alkalis
5 things that are measured to check a ropes resistant qualities
acids alkalis gas/oils rot sunlight
which 3 ropes have “good” conductivity resistance?
polyester
polypropylene
polyethylene
Dynamic Rope
high stretch rope used when long falls are a possibility designed to stretch without breaking.
Static Ropes
low stretch rope that must not elongate more than 10% when tested under a load = to 10% of its breaking strength according to NFPA 1983
3 categories of life-safety rope
general use
light use
throw line
Light-Use Rope
3/8" to < 1/2" (9.5mm to < 12.5mm) intended to support one person minimum breaking strength of 4500# maximum safe working load = 300# 15:1 safety factor
General-Use Rope
7/16" up to 5/8" (11-16mm) intended to support 2 people minimum breaking strength of 9000# maximum safe working load = 600# 15:1 safety factor
Throw Line
19/64” to < 3/8” (7 to < 9.5mm)
minimum breaking strength of 3000#
maximum safe working load = 200#
15:1 safety factor
Throw Lines are used to ______ and to ______ .
tether rescuers together during a water rescue.
throw to a victim in the water.
Escape Rope
same dimensions and requirements as a throw line but is intended to be used only 1 time and then destroyed.
4 common types of rope construction
kernmantle laid braided braid-on-braid (all are block creel construction)
Kernmantle Rope
rope that consists of a protective sheath (mantle) over the load-bearing core strands (kern).
75% of strength in kern
25% of strength in mantle
most often used as a life-safety rope.
Laid Rope
rope constructed by twisting groups of individual strands together.
typical of natural fiber ropes.
almost exclusively utility ropes.
Braided Rope
mostly synthetic
uniformly intertwining strands of rope together.
reduces the twisting common to laid ropes.
mostly used as a utility rope.
Braid-on-Braid Rope
constructed with a braided core and a braided sheath. herringbone pattern. Very strong. 50% strength in core 50% strength in sheath most often used as utility rope.
unused rope should be inspected at least ______ .
annually
Inspect rope after _____ .
each use
Rope should be inspected ______ (2 ways).
visually and by touch
How to inspect a kernmantle rope
put slight tension on the rope and feel for abrasions, imbedded objects, lumps, depressions, or soft spots. at the same time visually check the sheath for discoloration, irregularities in shape or weave, and excessive fuzziness.
To inspect laid rope, ______ for flaws such as ______, for areas of excessive ______, and for dirt or grease.
untwist and check internally
soft, crusty, brittle spots/cuts/nicks/abrasions/and chemical damage
stretching
Rope Log
a record of the life of a rope that includes every inspection and use.
Braided Rope inspection
look for sears cuts nicks abrasions deformities mushy spots
Braid-on-Braid Rope Inspection
check for sears nicks cuts abrasions sheath sliding on the core lumps
3 principal ways to clean synthetic rope
hand wash
front loading washing machine
special rope washing device
front loading washers with _____ windows should not be used to wash rope.
plastic
webbing
nylon material used for anchors, lashings, patient packaging, and harnesses.
2 kinds of webbing construction
flat
tubular
tubular webbing has 2 possible weaves
spiral
chain
Spiral weave is ______ and more resistant to ______ than the chain weave.
stronger
abrasion
Running End
rope part used for hoisting, pulling, belaying.
Working End
rope part that is used in forming the knot.
Working End aka _____ and _____ .
Bitter end
Loose end
Standing Part
rope part between working end and running end
Elements of a Knot
easy to tie/untie.
secure under load.
reduce rope’s strength as little as possible.
the tighter the bends in a knot, the ______ the rope’s strength.
more it reduces
Bight
rope bent back on itself 180 degrees
loop
360 degree loop of the rope
round turn
540 degrees of rope (1.5 loops) that has both ends of the rope running the same direction
Safety knots purpose
to prevent the tail of the working end from slipping back through the knot causing the knot to fail
Bowline
27-33% efficiency loss.
used to form a loop that will not constrict.
able to equalize.
not for life-safety.
half-hitch
always used in conjunction with another knot.
can be used as a safety if you use 2 consecutively.
good for hoisting long objects.
clove hitch
used to tie rope/webbing around round objects.
not used in life-safety.
Figure 8 on a bight
20% efficiency loss
closed loop either mid-line or at the end of the rope.
used for anchoring/securing.
figure 8 bend
19% efficiency loss
used to join ropes of equal diameter.
Figure 8 follow-thru
20% efficiency loss
used to form an anchor around an object.
Figure 8 stopper is used to _____ .
prevent the end of the rope from slipping through an opening.
Becket Bend
used to join a rope and a chain or 2 ropes of unequal diameter.
not for life safety.
Water Knot
36% efficiency loss
used to join 2 pieces of webbing
5 Rope Hardware devices
carabiners 8-plates brake bar racks ascenders pulleys
8 hoisting safety precautions
have solid footing/make necessary preparations. use hand-over-hand method use edge protection work in teams ensure all personnel are clear of hoisting area avoid hoisting near electrical hazards secure nozzles in closed position use guide/tag line
Ladder Belts
used for positioning or emergency escape only
Class 1 Harness
Up to 300#
used for emergency escape
Class 2 Harness
up to 600#
looks exactly like a Class 1 harness
Class 3 Harness
full-body
up to 600#
used in case of inversion
3 reasons why synthetic rope is preferred for life-safety
high strength
resistant to rotting
easy to maintain
2 types of life-safety rope
static
dynamic
