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Keith's Cards > IFSTA(5th)-Chapter 3 > Flashcards

IFSTA(5th)-Chapter 3 Flashcards

0
Q

physical change

A

substance changes size, shape, or state

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1
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

chemical change

A

substance changes from one type of matter to another

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3
Q

Exothermic

A

heat is produced

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4
Q

Endothermic

A

heat is absorbed

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5
Q

Combustion

A

rapid, self-sustaining chemical reaction that produces heat and light

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6
Q

fire

A

form of combustion. can be smoldering or flaming

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7
Q

Fire triangle

A

fuel, oxygen, heat

best describes smoldering combustion

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8
Q

Fire tetrahedron

A

Fuel, oxygen, heat, self-sustaining chemical chain reaction. best describes flaming combustion

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9
Q

Heat

A

kinetic energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in matter. measured in Joules (Newtons/meters)

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10
Q

Temperature

A

measurement of KE due to heat

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11
Q

KE

A

kinetic energy

energy of a moving object

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12
Q

PE

A

potential energy

energy within an object at rest that can be released in the future

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13
Q

Heat movement

A 
from hot objects to cold ones
conduction
radiation
convection
flame impingement
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14
Q

Energy

A

capacity to perform work

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15
Q

Work

A

force applied over distance

(mass x acceleration)/distance

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16
Q

force

A

mass x acceleration

Kg)(meters/s squared

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17
Q

BTU

A

British thermal unit

amount of heat required to raise Temp of 1# of water 1 degree F.

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18
Q

Fahrenheit

A

F=(C x 1.8) + 32

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19
Q

Celsius

A

C = (F-32)/1.8

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20
Q

auto ignition temp.(AIT)

A

point at which a material ignites without an external ignition source

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21
Q

Pyrolysis

A

chemical decomposition of a substance due to heat

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22
Q

piloted ignition

A

ignition due to external source

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23
Q

6 energy forms that can create heat

A 
chemical
electrical
light
mechanical
nuclear
sound
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24
Q

oxidation

A

occurs when a combustible comes into contact with oxygen. when an oxygen electron is added to something. almost always produces heat.

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25
Q

Increase in 10 degrees C

A

results in most chemical reaction rates doubling

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26
Q

electrical heating occurs 4 ways

A

resistance heating
overload/overcurrent
arcing
sparking

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27
Q

Resistance heating

A

electric current flowing through a conductor

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28
Q

overload/overcurrent

A

when electric current exceeds conductor capacity

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29
Q

Arcing

A

high temp. luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium. e.g., when a conductor is separated, lightning, static electricity, or due to excessive voltage

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30
Q

Sparking

A

the glowing particles that spatter away from the point of arcing

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31
Q

Mechanical heat energy

A

due to friction or compression

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32
Q

Rate of heat transfer

A

is greater between 2 objects with a greater Temp. difference.
heat transfer/time.

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33
Q

Conduction

A

transfer of heat from one solid object to another solid object by direct contact.

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34
Q

Thermal conductivity

A

measure of an object’s capacity to transfer heat via conduction. the greater the conductivity, the faster the heat transfer!

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35
Q

insulating materials

A

slow conduction.
made of fine particles or fibers with lots of air filled voids.
because molecules are far apart in gases, air doesn’t conduct heat very well.

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36
Q

Convection

A

transfer of heat from a liquid or a gas to a solid

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37
Q

Radiation

A

transmission of heat energy as an electromagnetic wave through space.
examples: infrared, radio, x-rays
360 degree spread at the speed of light

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38
Q

As Temp. increases the radiant energy…

A

increases by a factor to the 4th power. for example: if T is doubled, then 2 to the 4th is 16. so T is doubled and the radiant energy is 16x greater

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39
Q

Passive agents

A

substance such as water that is inside a substance or within a gas and absorbs heat but does not participate actively in combustion. relative humidity and fuel moisture are examples.

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40
Q

Reducing agent

A

the fuel that is being oxidized. it is being reduced 2 ways: reduction of fuel and the addition of electrons(negative charge)

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41
Q

organic

A

contains carbon

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42
Q

2 types of organic fuels

A

hydrocarbons

cellulose-based materials

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43
Q

flaming combustion only occurs in which state?

A

gaseous

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44
Q

Vapor density

A

if > 1 the gas will sink

if < 1 the gas will rise

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45
Q

methane VD

A

0.55, rises

46
Q

Propane VD

A

1.52, sinks

47
Q

LPG

A

liquid petroleum gas

also known as propane

48
Q

CO VD

A

carbon monoxide

VD=0.96, rises

49
Q

Specific Gravity

A

if SG < 1, floats on water

if SG > 1, sinks in water

50
Q

Vaporization

A

transformation of a liquid to a gas

51
Q

Rate of Vaporization depends on…

A

vapor pressure of substance

amount of heat energy applied

52
Q

Flash Point

A

Minimum Temp. when a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air.

53
Q

Fire Point

A

Temp. at which a liquid fuel produces enough vapors to support combustion once the fuel is ignited. normally a few degrees higher than the flash point.

54
Q

As surface area of a liquid increases, vapor production…

A

increases

55
Q

solubility

A

degree of a substance to dissolve in a solvent (usually water)

56
Q

Polar sovents ____ with water

A

mix

57
Q

Hydrocarbons_____with water

A

do not mix

58
Q

SG gasoline

A

0.72, floats on water

59
Q

Miscible

A

material that can mix with water in any proportion

60
Q

SG diesel

A

is > 1, sinks

61
Q

SG ethanol

A

= 0.78, floats

62
Q

SG methanol

A

= 0.79, floats

63
Q

for solids, as surface-to-mass ratios increase, ignitability…

A

increases

64
Q

4 stages(Temp. Ranges) of Pyrolysis

A

< 392 degrees F, moisture is being releases
392 - 536 degrees F, charring begins
536 - 932 degrees F, rapid pyrolysis occurs, charcoal is produced, ignition can occur
> 932 degrees F, free burning as wood is converted to flammable gases

65
Q

Do solids burn more rapidly due to position?

A

yes, due to convection solids that are vertical burn more rapidly

66
Q

Heat of Combustion

A

total amount of energy released when a fuel is burned(oxidized).
kiloJ/gram

67
Q

HRR

A

heat release rate

energy released over time for a given fuel

68
Q

“Oxygen deficient”

A

atmosphere with less than 19.5% oxygen

69
Q

“oxygen enriched”

A

atmosphere with > 23.5% O2

70
Q

Common Oxidizers(other than O2)

A

calcium hypochlorite-chlorination of water in pools
chlorine gas-water purification
ammonium nitrate-fertilizer
hydrogen peroxide-antiseptic, industrial bleaching
methyl ethyl ketone peroxide-plastics

71
Q

31% O2

A

O2 concentration that Nomex ignites and readily burns

72
Q

Flammable(explosive) Range

A

range of concentrations of fuel vapor and air that allow for combustion. LFL-UFL lower flammable limit to the upper flammable limit

73
Q

“Lean”

A

fuel vapor concentration in air is < LFL

74
Q

“rich”

A

fuel vapor concentration in air is > UFL

75
Q

Common Flammable Ranges

A

methane: 5-15%
propane: 2.1-9.5%
CO: 12-75%
gasoline: 1.4-7.4%
diesel: 1.3-6%
ethanol: 3.3-19%
methanol: 6-35.5%

76
Q

Methane is also known as _____

A

natural gas

77
Q

free radicals

A

electrically charged, highly reactive parts of molecules that combine with other components of a fuel to create new substances

78
Q

Chemical flame inhibition

A

extinguishing agent interrupts the self-sustaining chemical reaction and terminates combustion. halon is an example…or a halon replacement. this cannot be done on smoldering combustion

79
Q

Smoke

A

mixture of gases, vapor, and solid particulates

80
Q

CO

A

carbon monoxide
asphyxiant
formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon
combines to hemoglobin 200x quicker than O2

81
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide
colorless, odorless, heavier than air.
neither burns or supports combustion.
used as an extinguishing agent by displacing O2 or smothering fires

82
Q

HCN

A

hydrogen cyanide
produced in the combustion of materials containing nitrogen. produced when polyurethane foams burn (furniture/bedding)
prevents the body from using O2 at the cellular level.

83
Q

flame

A

visible, luminous body of a burning gas

84
Q

Class A Fire

A

ordinary combustibles
wood, cloth, paper, plastics, rubber, grass, etc.
primary extinguishment via cooling with water

85
Q

Class B Fires

A

flammable liquids and gases
remove supply
use class B foams to blanket or dry chemicals.

86
Q

Class C Fires

A

energized electrical fire

de-energize before extinguishment.

87
Q

Class D Fire

A 
combustible metals
aluminum
magnesium
potassium
zirconium
titanium
sodium
88
Q

Class K Fire

A

cooking fuels

89
Q

Saponification

A

when extinguishing agents turn fats and oils into a soapy foam that extinguish the fire

90
Q

fuel controlled fire

A

when O2 is sufficiently available

91
Q

Ventilation controlled fire

A

when fire is limited by air supply

92
Q

4 stages of fire

A

incipient
growth
fully developed
decay

93
Q

Incipient stage

A

ignition occurs
fuel controlled
mostly confined to the material burning

94
Q

Growth Stage

A

2-in/2-out is now required
rapidly increasing heat
other materials are now burning

95
Q

Thermal layering

A

gases form into layers according to temperature. hottest are at the ceiling and coolest are at the floor.
also known as stratification and thermal balance.

96
Q

Neutral plane

A

where high pressure gases level off thru an opening with inward moving cooler air.

97
Q

Rollover

A

when fire gases ignite at the ceiling level and flames propagate through the hot gas layer across the ceiling

98
Q

Flashover

A

rapid transition from growth to fully developed fire stage that is when all contents within a structure reach their ignition Temp. and flames erupt all at once.

99
Q

Flashover Indicators

A 
lower hot gas layers
strong bidirectional air/smoke movement
rapid increase in heat
isolated flames in a hot gas layer
rollover
100
Q

flashover Temp. Range

A

900-1200 degrees F

btw, CO auto ignites at 1128 F

101
Q

Fully Developed Fire

A

when all combustible materials in a compartment are burning

102
Q

Decay

A

when most fuel has been consumed or the O2 has diminished enough where flaming combustion is no longer supported

103
Q

Is decay fuel or ventilation controlled?

A

fuel

104
Q

Fully developed fire is _____ controlled

A

ventilation

105
Q

Backdraft

A

instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when O2 is introduced into a confined space

106
Q

Deflagration

A

explosively rapid combustion

107
Q

T or F. the more confined the deflagration, the more violent it will be.

A

true

108
Q

Backdraft Indicators

A 
little or no visible flame
inward sucking smoke
pressurized smoke exiting small openings
smoke puffing
dense gray/yellow smoke
smoke stained/cracked windows
confined excessive heat
109
Q

6 factors that affect fire development

A 
fuel type
location/availability of another fuel
compartment shape
ventilation
thermal properties of structure
ambient conditions(wind/temp/humidity/etc)
110
Q

HVAC

A

heating ventilation and AC

111
Q

4 thermal properties that affect fire

A

insulation
conductivity
retention
reflection

112
Q

4 ways to control fire

A

temp. reduction
O2 exclusion
fuel removal
inhibit chemical reaction

Keith's Cards (37 decks)

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