IFSTA(5th)-Chapter 4 Flashcards
Assemblies(construction)
two or more interconnected structural members designed to meet a specific function
Examples: trusses/frames
NIOSH
national institute for occupational safety and health
Balloon frame
type of wood-frame construction that has continuous vertical studs in exterior walls that run from foundation to roof
Bar joist
joists made of steel usually found in office buildings.
high strength to weight ratio
Bowstring truss
roof assembly with an arched chord on top and a horizontal chord on the bottom of the truss assembly.
Butterfly Roof
v-shaped roof with the valley in the middle. not in cold weather locations.
Cantilever Beam
only one end is supported.
more susceptible to collapse
Chord
main structural members of a truss system that run the length of the truss. on the top and bottom separated by the diagonals.
Cockloft
open space between ceiling and roof. usually found in commercial occupancies with flat roofs.
Column
vertical supporting column
Course
horizontal layer of masonry units
Curtain Board
non-load bearing wall that runs down from the roof or ceiling to limit horizontal fire spread.
Curtain Walls
non-load bearing wall used as a weather barrier
Decking
planks or sheets of plywood or oriented strand board that form the base of a roof assembly.
Fire Door
fire rated door assembly that is designed to confine fire and is triggered to close upon fire alarm activation.
Fire Load
total potential heat release if all contents burn
Fire Wall
fire-rated wall that runs from the foundation to the roof to limit fire spread.
Gable Roof
pitched roof with sides sloping down to the eaves.
most common
Gable Wall
wall that rises to meet the ends of gable roofs
Gambrel Roof
single ridge roof with two different pitches on each side.
commonly found on barns
Girder
horizontal structure member used to support beams or joists.
Gusset Plate
wooden or metal plate used to join structural members.
most often used in trusses.
susceptible to early failure if just pressed in and not nailed or screwed
header course
course of bricks laid with the ends facing outward.
only used in unreinforced masonry.
Hip Roof
pitched roof where the ends are beveled
Interstitial Space
accessible or inaccessible space between layers of building materials.
Joists
horizontal structure members that support a ceiling or floor
Mansard Roof
roof that has steep slopes that surround a flat section in the center
open web joist
joist constructed with a web of bars or tubes that do not fill the entire web space
OSB
oriented strand board
wooden structural panel formed by gluing and compressing wood strands together under pressure
parallel chord truss
truss with top and bottom chords parallel to each other.
Parapet Wall
wall at the edge of some roofs that extend above the roof.
Party Wall
load-bearing fire wall that is shared by two adjoining buildings.
Pitch
the slope of the roof
Plate
the top or bottom horizontal member of a frame wall.
Platform Construction
frame type construction in which each floor interrupts the exterior studs forming an effective fire stop at each floor. most common type of construction for residences.
Rafters
beams that support roof decking and run from ridge to the exterior wall plate.
Rated Assembly
an assembly of two or more construction components that has a specific fire-resistance rating.
Sawtooth Roof
a roof with a profile of vertical and sloping surfaces that resemble a saw blade.
Sheathing
plywood, OSB, or wooden planking applied to a roof or wall over which a weather-resistant covering is applied.
Shed Roof
a pitched roof that slopes in only one direction from the ridge.
Spalling
degradation
Stud
vertical structural member in a frame wall.
Tension
force that pulls the mass of a material apart
Truss
structural unit made up of one or more triangles in a flat plane.
Partition Wall
interior non-load bearing wall used to divide areas
The reaction of wood to fire conditions depends on two factors.
size and moisture content
Cantilever Walls
walls that extend beyond the structure that supports them.
Masonry
bricks blocks stones cement mortar concrete etc
Veneer Walls
walls with an attractive surface covering layer that is over a base of common material.
Cast Iron primary concern
bolts/connections can fail
Steel elongates when heated. At 1000 degrees F a 50’ beam elongates _____. at this Temp. steel can fail!
4”
concrete warning signs
cracking or spalling
Gypsum
inorganic product from which plaster and drywall are constructed. it has a high water content and absorbs a lot of heat.
ICC
International Code Council
NFPA 5000
Building Construction and Safety Code
NFPA 220
Std. on Types of Building Construction
Type I
fire-resistive
Type II
non-combustible
Type III
ordinary
Type IV
heavy timber
Type V
wood frame
Type I - construction that _____
maintains its structural integrity during a fire.
Type II - construction made _____
of the same materials as type I except that the structural components lack the insulation or other protection of type I construction.
Type I strengths
resists flame impingement.
confines fire.
little collapse potential from fire alone.
impervious to water damage.
Type I weaknesses
difficult to breach
difficult to ventilate
if collapse, massive debris
retains heat
Type II strengths
almost as fire resistive as type I
confines fire
almost as structurally stable as type I
easier to vertically ventilate than type I
Type II weaknesses
difficult to breach unprotected steel may fail roof systems less stable than type I steel components susceptible to rust/corrosion if collapse, massive debris
Type III - construction that ____
requires exterior walls and structural members be made of non-combustible or limited combustible materials.
Type III primary fire concern is ____
fire and smoke spread thru concealed spaces.
Type III strengths
resists fire spread from the outside
relatively easy to vertically ventilate
Type III weaknesses
interior structural members vulnerable to fire
fire spread thru concealed spaces
Susceptible to water damage
Type IV construction has interior structural members made of ____
solid or laminated wood with no concealed spaces with dimensions large enough to be considered heavy timber.
Heavy Timber construction requires exterior/interior structural members be ______ non-combustible or limited combustible
non-combustible or limited combustible
Type IV primary fire hazard is ____
massive amounts of combustible structural timbers in addition to the contents.
Type IV strengths
resists collapse structurally stable relatively easy to ventilate relatively easy to breach manageable debris if collapse
Type IV weaknesses
susceptible to fire spread from the outside.
potential for fire spread to exposures.
susceptible to rapid interior fire spread
susceptible to water damage
Type V construction that has ____
exterior walls, load-bearing walls, floors, roofs, and supports made completely or partially of wood or other approved materials of smaller dimensions than heavy timber.
Type V strengths
easily breached
collapse debris relatively easy to manage
resistant to collapse from earthquake due to lightweight and flexibility
Type V weaknesses
susceptible to fire spread for outside
susceptible to rapid fire spread inside
susceptible to total collapse
susceptible to water damage
Stucco
a durable finish for exterior walls usually made of cement, sand, and lime. it is applied wet.
a fine plaster for interior ornamentation, molding.
Dead loads
hvac, water tanks, or other heavy objects on the roof.
2 dangerous types of conditions posed by a particular building
conditions that contribute to fire spread
conditions that contribute to collapse
Fire load
total amount of combustible material
Be wary of combustible ______ and _______ that contribute to fire spread.
furnishings
finishes
Roof covering materials
wooden shingles composition shingles wooden shakes rubber imitation tile steel imitation tile or shakes clay tile slate tin tar and gravel
_______ , even when treated with fire retardant can significantly contribute to fire spread. (roof material)
wood shakes
Name one main concern with large open spaces under fire conditions.
heat at roof level maybe extreme while floor level hat may be minimal.
Collapse Zone
distance extending horizontal from the base of the exterior wall.
= 1.5 x height of the wall
CZ = 1.5H
11 indicators of building collapse
cracks/separations in walls, floors, ceilings, roofs.
tie rods/stars present.
loose bricks, blocks, stones.
deteriorated mortar.
leaning walls
distorted structural members
fires beneath floors with heavy equipment.
prolonged fire exposure
creaking/cracking noises
structural members pulling away from walls.
excessive weight of contents
2 FF ops that may contribute to collapse are ______
improper vertical ventilation that cuts structural supports.
lots of water used during extinguishment can add large amounts of weight to the building.
Gang Nail
type of gusset plate made of metal that have points or prongs that penetrate about 3/8” into wood.
Unprotected lightweight trusses can fail after ____ minutes
5-10
Truss top chord is under _____ forces.
compression
Truss bottom chords are under ______ forces.
tension
If one member of a truss fails, the ______
entire truss is likely to fail
Rain Roof
a second roof put over an older deteriorated roof.
