Hypertension - Aetiology, pathophysiology, treatment

Question 1

Hypertension meaning

Answer 1

constantly elevated BP

Question 2

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 2

enlargement/thickening of the walls in the left ventricle (the main pumping chamber)

Question 3

Coronary heart disease

Answer 3

plaque in coronary arteries

Question 4

Farmingham study

Answer 4

risk factors

increase BP leads to increased stroke and CVD likelihood

Question 5

Sympathetic NS activation produces

Answer 5

vasoconstriction

reflex tachycardia

increased cardiac output

Question 6

Sympathetic NS activation decreases or increases BP?

Answer 6

increases

Question 7

The renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system is responsible for long term BP control. Its controls

Answer 7

maintenance of sodium balance

control of Blood volume

control of blood pressure

Question 8

RAAS is simulated by a fall in

Answer 8

BP

Blood volume

sodium levels

Question 9

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by

Answer 9

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 10

Angiotensin II is released in response to

Answer 10

low blood volume

Question 11

what does angiotensin II do?

Answer 11

arteriolar constriction

so less blood flow and an increased TPR

Question 12

hypertrophy

Answer 12

increase in size/volume of organ

Question 13

Angiotensin II is also a potent

Answer 13

hypertrophic agent and vasoconstrictor

Question 14

ATRIAL natriuretic peptide

Answer 14

arteriolar dilation

Question 15

Drug treatment of hypertension

Answer 15

ACE inhibitor

calcium channel blocker

thiazide (type diuretic)

Question 16

Over 8- years old the BP threshold is

Answer 16

145/85 mmHg

Question 17

the normal BP threshold id

Answer 17

135/85mmHg

Question 18

is a calcium channel clocker is not suitable (eg oedema, heart failure) offer the patient a

Answer 18

thiazide-like diuretic

Question 19

For treatment of resistant hypertension consider

Answer 19

further diuretic therapy

Question 20

ACE inhibitors drug

Answer 20

Ramipril

Question 21

Angiotensin II antagonists drug

Answer 21

Losartan

valsartan

candesartan*

irbesartan

Question 22

Calcium channel blockers drugs

Answer 22

nifedipine *

Verapamil

Question 23

Thiazide type diuretics drug

Answer 23

chlortalidone

Question 24

beta blocker drug

Answer 24

biosoprolol

Question 25

What to use when treating hypertension in pregnancy?

Answer 25

methyldopa

Question 26

White coat hypertension

Answer 26

high BP in a clinical setting

(occasional high BP)

therefore need 24 hour monitoring