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HY - anatomy + embyrology Flashcards

1
Q

polyhydraminos + elevated AFP

A

anencephaly - cannot swallow amniotic fluid due to brain damage

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2
Q

holoprosencephaly

A

no midline separation of hemispheres + cyclopia and cleft lip/palate + fetal alcohol syndrome

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3
Q

error in neuronal migration leading to smooth brain

A

lissencepahly

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4
Q

tonsilar herniation + aqueductal stenosis + hydrocephaly

A

Chiari II malformation

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5
Q

large posterior fossa + absent cerebellar vermis + enlargement 4th ventricle

A

Dandy-Walker Syndrome

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6
Q

loss of pain + temperature in upper extremities and preserved touch

A

syringomyelia; spinothalamic tract lost first

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7
Q

failure of spinal canal closure at week 4

A

neural tube defect due to folate deficiency or teratogen (valproic acid)

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8
Q

elevated AFP + elevated AFP and acetylcholinesterase in CSF

A

NT defect

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9
Q

cerebrospinal fluid-filled meningeal tissue that has herniated through vertebral defect + intact movements in baby

A

meningocele

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10
Q

1st cleft

A

external auditory meatus

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11
Q

remnant 2-4 clefts

A

persistent cervical sinus on lateral neck

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12
Q

1st pouch

A

middle ear, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

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13
Q

2nd pouch

A

epithelium of palatine tonsil

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14
Q

3rd pouch

A

inferior parathyroids , thymus

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15
Q

4th pouch

A

superior parathyroids

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16
Q

from which pouch is inferior parathyroid derived from?

A

3rd

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17
Q

midline cyst that moves with swallowing

A

thyroglossal duct cyst due to failed migration of thyroid from tongue down neck

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18
Q

mandibular hypoplasia + fascial abnormalities (cleft lip etc)

A

first pharyngeal arch

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19
Q

maxillary artery from where?

A

1st aortic arch

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20
Q

stapedial artery from where?

A

2nd aortic arch

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21
Q

carotid arteries from where?

A

3rd aortic arch

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22
Q

right subclavian + some aortic arch from where?

A

4th aortic arch

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23
Q

proximal pulmonary arteries from where?

A

6th aortic arch

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24
Q

patient comes in with carotid bruits. embryonic origin of this structure?

A

third aortic arch

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25
Q

patient has giant cell arteritis with jaw claudication. what is the embryonic origin of this structure?

A

first aortic arch

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26
Q

structures of foregut

A

pharynx to duodenum; blood suplly by celiac artery

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27
Q

structures of midgut

A

duodenum to transverse colon; blood supply is SMA

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28
Q

structures of hindgut

A

transverse colon to rectum; blood supply is IMA

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29
Q

what is embryonic origin and blood supply of the stomach?

A

foregut and celiac artery

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30
Q

what it is the embryonic origin and blood supply of sigmoid rectum?

A

hindgut and IMA

31
Q

what is the embryonic origin and blood supply of terminal ileum?

A

midgut and SMA

32
Q

ventral pancreas rotates in front of the gut instead of behind

A

annular pancreas

33
Q

olive-sized, solid mass in stomach of newborns

A

pyloric stenosis; delayed or absent gastric emptying with non-billious vomit

34
Q

how do you differentiate projectile vomiting of newborn?

A

billious = annular pancreas; non-bilious = pyloric stenosis

35
Q

embryonic origin and blood supply of structure involved in non-billous projectile vomiting of newborn?

A

pyloric stenosis of stomach = foregut and celiac artery

36
Q

3 beginning parts of kidney?

A

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

37
Q

what comprises metanephros and what does each make?

A

ureteric bud = ureter, pelvises, calyces, collecting duct; metanephric mesenchyme = kidneys

38
Q

what is the embryological origin of the kidneys?

A

metanephric mesenchyme of metanephros

39
Q

which structure is the last to canalize in kidney development leading to hydronephrosis?

A

ureteropelvic junction

40
Q

delayed opening of ureteropelvic junction can lead to _____

A

hydropheprhosis of baby in utero or newboard

41
Q

ablation of this structure would inhibit development of the definitive kidney

A

metanephric duct/ureteric bud of metanephros

42
Q

newborn with pulmonary hypoplasia + fascial abnormalities most likely had damage to which structure during development?

A

potter sequence due to failure of kidney development = ureteric bud

43
Q

what abdominal muscle comprises cremasteric muscle?

A

internal oblique

44
Q

what abdominal muscle comprise external spermatic fascia

A

external oblique

45
Q

internal oblique = ?

A

cremasteric muscle

46
Q

external oblique = ?

A

external spermatic fascia

47
Q

transversalis fascia = ?

A

internal spermatic fascia

48
Q

what structure must fuse to close connection between periotoneal cavity and scrotum

A

processus vaginalis

49
Q

newborn has fluid in scrotum. what embryological development failed?

A

patient has incomplete fusion of processus vaginalis

50
Q

meckels diverticulum is remnant of what?

A

vitelline duct

51
Q

this embryological remnant in the GI can sometimes have ectopic gastric tissue

A

meckels diverticulum

52
Q

intestinal discharge through umbilicus

A

persistent vitelline duct connecting umbiliculs to intestine contents

53
Q

what syndrome is associated with the double bubble sign?

A

duodenal atresia; downs syndrome

54
Q

projectile non-billious vomiting

A

pyloric hypertrophy; palpable mass in stomach in newborn

55
Q

embryology and blood supply of spleen

A

part of foregut; celiac artery; mesoderm

56
Q

this structure is a communication point between less and greater sacs

A

epiploic foramen

57
Q

above pectinate line, what is lymph drainage, blood flow, blood drainage?

A

internal iliac nodes, superior rectal artery of IMA, portal vein (can become engorged in portal HTN)

58
Q

below pectinate line, what is lymph drainage, blood flow, blood drainage?

A

superficial inguinal nodes, inferior rectal artery from pudendal and internal iliac, IVC

59
Q

what two structures meet to form anus?

A

hind gut and ectoderm

60
Q

vessel involvement with posterior duodenal ulcer

A

gastroduodenal artery

61
Q

blood supply of cardia and fundus of stomach

A

short gastric arteries off of splenic artery

62
Q

surgeon clamps hepatoduodenal ligament to stop hemorrhage. what vessel are being occluded?

A

proper hepatic artery, portal vein, cystic duct

63
Q

the middle colic, right coli, ileocolic, and ileal and jejunal arteries are all branches of what?

64
Q

with massive weightloss the last third of the duodenum can become compressed by which vessel?

65
Q

watershed areas of colon susceptible to ischemia in times of hypotension

A

splenic flexure + rectosigmoid junction

66
Q

which nerve plexus lives in the submucosal layer and absence of this correlates with what disease?

A

Meissner plexus, absence = hirschprung disease

67
Q

this muscular nerve plexus is compromised in achalasia

A

auerbach plexus

68
Q

columnar epithelium is found in which portion of GI tract

A

stomach, and distal third of esophagus in cases of barrett’s esophagus

69
Q

role of brunner’s gland

A

alkalize acidic contents coming form stomach

70
Q

what does portal vein carry?

A

deoxygenated nutrient rich blood from GI

71
Q

apart from the tail, where does the pancreas lay in the body?

A

retroperitoneal

72
Q

borders of hesselbachs triangle

A

inguinal ligament, inferior epigastrics, rectus abdominis

73
Q

this weakens making direct hernias possible

A

transversalis fascia

neuro (34 decks)

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