History DOjapan, OB ww2 EU, Apac

Question 1

[D] Overextension of the japanese empire

Answer 1

[EX] huge empire, struggled to defend. At war with china since 1937, usa into war cannot match industrial capacity, lacked resources, lack of support from allies esp germany after defeat
[A] war on two fronts (china and US+allied powers) overstretched resources

Question 2

[D] USA strat: keeping china in the war

Answer 2

[EX] at war w japan since 1937, provided advice and military aid to the Nationalist army in china via the Burma Road. after burma fell to J, supplies airlifted via the Hump, from India → fierce chinese resistance
[A] forced 2 fronts, diverted resources and troops to fight china

Question 3

[D] USA strat: island hopping 1943

Answer 3

[EX] attacked strategically impt and weak defences islands. Establish air base at the island, used as a launch point to take another island. Capture of islands near japan like okinawa allowed bombers to reach mainland japan.
[A] allowed allied forces to reach japan quickly, not capturing all saved resources and manpower. Allowed bombed japan, destroying industries and economy → unable to sustain war efforts

Question 4

[D] USA strat: unrestricted submarine warfare

Answer 4

[EX]destroyed more than 75% of japanese merchant ships (their lifeline), destroyed their naval ships
[A] severe shortage of war mats and products, cut off oil suppy, unable to prot merchant ships or prot territories → outnumbered, cannot sustain long war

Question 5

[D] The battle of Midway (japans last offensive)

Answer 5

[EX] japan lost ¾ experienced pilots, 290 aircraft; US intelligence broke Japanese naval code, americans anticipated the surprised attack
[A] deprived of large and vital portion of air force, stopped J expansion to east, boosted american morale

Question 6

[D] Battle of Leyte Gulf, philippines sea

Answer 6

[EX] japan greatest loss of ships - 4 aircraft carriers and 26 warships
[A] cut off J supply route of oil. Also helped liberate philippines. Gave allies control of air and sea

Question 7

[D] operation Meetinghouse - 1945 firebombing of Tokyo (low altitude, at night)

Answer 7

[EX] over 50% tokyos industry spread out among residential and commercial neighbourhoods, firebombing cut cities output by half
[A] industries and econ destroyed, no means to continue awr w/o supplies and war machinery

Question 8

[D] allied forces industrial might vs japans weak industrial capability

Answer 8

[EX] merchant ships: american well prot by convoys, japanese 75% attacked and sunken by US subs, cutting off food and resource supply
[A] shortage of mats, resources and manpower → J unable to produce essential weapons as quickly as allied forces → unable to sustain long war // combined efforts and resources of allies → able to sustain war for longer

Question 9

[D] morale of allied troops vs morale of J troops

Answer 9

[EX] atomic bomb ‘little boy’ exploded over Hiroshima on 6 aug 1945, ‘fat man’ on nagasaki on 9 aug 1945
[A] strengthened allies determination to end the war // extremem destruction → J morale to plunge, led to J surender

Question 10

[D] Japans ambition to be world power (not to be treated as weak or unequal)

Answer 10

[EX] 1868 Meiji restoration - modernisation and industrialisation
[A] embarked on rapid industrialisation, ^ military strength, ^ aggression, had to invade for mats they lacked
//
[EX] korea paid tribute to china. Japan went to war with china, won and gained possession of korea 1894-1895, later annexing korea in 1910
[A] ^ aggression in getting territories. ^ territories = ^ resources and raw mats = ^military prod

Question 11

[D] japan treated as an unequal

Answer 11

[EX] 1853, humiliation, seen as weak: forced to open up to usa terms dictated by shogun. /// 1921 washington naval treaty - japan had to reduce naval strength more than USA and britain
[A] saw expansionism and having colonies as a way to be treated as an equal, as a world power → needed to invade

Question 12

[D] Lack of resources
J econ problems

Answer 12

[EX] Japan is mountainous, lacks natural resources, raw mats like oil and rubber unavailable in J SOI, had to import oil and other raw mats; most oil from USA and rubber from British Malaya
[A] needed to expand for more territories, aggressive towards china because manchuria had resources, ^resources

Question 13

[D] overpopulation and shortage of land (lack of agricultural and living space)
J econ problems

Answer 13

[EX] 1900-1930 rapid pop growth from 45mil-64mil, incr demand for housing goods and products: high rent, farmers not enough land not enough rice prod
[A] needed to expand for more territories

Question 14

[D] West protected own economies after Great Depression
j econ problems

Answer 14

[EX] prot own industries from foreign comp (made imported goods more ex via taxes, J unable to sell goods, no income to buy raw mats → needed to find new markers & cheap sources of raw mats
[A] became aggressive towards china as manchuria had an abundance of raw mats and a market for J goods

Question 15

[D] incresing military power in Japans govt (rise of militarists)

Answer 15

[EX] gained influence: long trad of military rule (shoguns), respect to military (samurai code), military successes in early 1900s incr confidence; declared martial law in 1932
[A] ^ aggressive, followed expansionist policy ad solution to econ problems and make J strong and independent → ^invasions eg china 1937

Question 16

[D] militarists expansionist policy
rise of militarists J
3 EX :(

Answer 16

[EX] why? Resources (korea, manchuria), invaded to become a world power
[EX] Greater East asia co-prosperity sphere - group of nations whose combined resources allowed japan to be independent (impt mats for war machine) → made asian believe they all benefit but it just benefited japan
[EX] asia for asians: promised to free SEA from colonial rule (Japan strongest military power in Asia)
[A] ^aggressive in getting territories and protecting own SOI → ^territories = ^resources = ^military production

Question 17

Failure of LON
[D] japans interests in manchuria: took her from china

Answer 17

[EX] japanese imperial army in manchuria accused china of tryna attack them when bomb exploded on train on J-owned south manchurian railway. Full invasion launched, china too weak with civil war to reisist. China asked league for help, appointed Lytton commission to study the problem (took a year, reacted slowly) LON condemned J, J refused to leave and withdrew from LON 1933. LON did not agree on sanctions, no army sent
[A]saw west as weak, unwilling in stopping aggressiveness → ^ambition. Manchuria = ^resources to wage war

Question 18

Failure of LON APAC
[D] failure of disarmament

Answer 18

[EX]J left LON 1933, terminated washington naval treaty in 1936 and incr navy size
[A] allowed J to rearm and incr navy size. ^militarism, ^confidence to wage war

Question 19

[D] japans worsening r/s w USA (as a result of J aggression in china and indochina (french colony))

Answer 19

[EX] 1941- USA banned steel iron and oil to Japan due to aggression in Indochina (french). Embargo on J, ended all trade relations. J imported 80% of oil from USA, could not cont fighting in china w/o it
[A]to cont war and expansion into resource rich SEA, japan ^aggressive towards USA, attacked pearl harbour → needed resources, eliminate USA as a threat to J expansion in Asia pacific (large US pacific fleet at pearl harbour)

Question 20

weakness of LON OB-EU
failure to get countries to disarm

Answer 20

World Disarmament Conference held between 1932 to 1934 was a failure. Germany insisted on matching with the other countries armament level and France refused to limit their own armament levels. Both Britain and USA refused to commit to a level requested by France. Germany withdrew from both the conference and LON

Question 21

weakness of LON OB-EU
Failure to impose sanctions effectively

Answer 21

In 1935, Mussolini’s Italy invaded Abyssinia, half-hearted in imposing economic sanctions on Italy, fearing that it might affect the economic interests of member countries. undermined the effectiveness of the sanctions when the delayed ban on the sale of oil to Italy was finally imposed. Member countries feared that an embargo of oil would mean Italy’s alliance with Hitler. Other strong deterrents such as closing the Suez Canal to prevent Italy’s shipment of war supplies were also not taken for fear of affecting British economic interests.

Question 22

weakness of LON OB-EU
Major powers acting outside the LON

Answer 22

British and French foreign ministers proposed a secret plan to give Mussolini 2/3 of Abyssinia in return for his stopping the invasion. This meant that the League was not consulted which was a breach of the Kellogg-Briand Pact. = lose credibility

Question 23

hitlers expansionist policies OB-EU
Germany withdrawal from LON and geneva conference

Answer 23

Hitler demanded that France disarm to the level of armaments that the TOV allowed Germany. Otherwise, Germany should be allowed t to rearm to the level of the French. The French objected and Hitler used their objections as an excuse to withdraw from both the conference and the LON. Germany’s withdrawal meant that it was not bound by the League or obliged to accept the League’s decisions.

Question 24

hitlers expansionist policies OB-EU
Rearmament

Answer 24

Hitler wanted to restore Germany’s pride and strength after the humiliation of the TOV. From 1933 to 1934, the Nazis stepped up their secret rearmament programme and conscription Allies only made verbal protests instead of imposing sanctions on Germany thus giving Hitler the freedom to transform Germany into a formidable and dangerous military power. At the same time, Britain signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement with Hitler allowing Germany a limited build-up of its navy.

Question 25

hitlers expansionist policies OB-EU
Remilitarisation of Rhineland (violation of TOV)

Answer 25

used the signing of the Franco-Soviet Pact to justify the remilitarisation as a defensive action against possible threats from France and the USSR. The LON condemned Hitler’s action but did nothing else as it was distracted by the Abyssinian crisis. Britain sympathised with Germany and had a pacifist mood. France was holding elections at the time, so no French politician wanted to be seen starting a war with Germany

Question 26

hitlers expansionist policies OB-EU
German involvement in Spanish Civil War

Answer 26

against commies) (Hitler sent soldiers, equipment and warplanes to support the Spanish Nationalist forces. portrayed himself as the defender of civilisation against communism and exploit the fears of Britain and France of communist influence in spain. Involvement to divert British and French attention from his plans of expansion into Eastern Europe. Allowed him to test out his army and air force.

Question 27

hitlers expansionist policies OB-EU
The Anschuluss

Answer 27

Hitler encouraged Austrian Nazis to push for Anschluss with Germany. pressurised the Austrian Chancellor into agreeing thus leading to the chancellor unwillingly calling for a plebiscite to see if the people supported the Anschluss. German troops were sent into Austria on the pretext of keeping order during the vote. About 99% of Austrians voted for the union and Germany took over Austria in March 1938. B&F did nothing

Question 28

hitlers expansionist policies OB-EU
Sudetenland - Munich Agreement

Answer 28

Under the influence of the Nazi Party leader in Sudetenland, Germans in sudetenland demanded to be part of Germany, and Hitler threatened to go to war for the Sudetenland if necessary. policy of Appeasement to avoid waging a war in Europe, the leaders of Britain, France along with Hitler and Mussolini signed the Munich Agreement on 29 September 1938, deciding the Germany will gain control of the Sudetenland. The Czechs and the Soviets were not consulted at all. Thus, the Munich Agreement allowed Hitler to gain control of Sudetenland without having to put up a fight

Question 29

hitlers expansionist policies OB-EU
Invasion of Czechoslovakia

Answer 29

Neither czechs nor allies fought back, proved to british PM that hitler could not be trusted, end of chamberlains policy of appeasement, birtain to use force - promised poland to declare war should they attack

Question 30

hitlers expansionist policies OB-EU
Nazi-soviet non-aggression pact

Answer 30

signed 23 aug 1939, last 10y: would not attack each other, resolve issues friendlyly, divided europe into german and soviet SOI → ensured stalin would not intervene in invasion of poland → avoid war on two fronts

Question 31

hitlers expansionist policies OB-EU
Invasion of poland

Answer 31

negotiations with britain and france convinced hitler that the allies would not declare war on Germany, however this time they kpet thier promise and did on 3 sept 1939 when hitler refused to withdraw his troops from poland

Question 32

policy of appeasement OB-EU Emboldened hitler

Answer 32

(In the late 1930s, Britain and France adopted a Policy of Appeasement in order to avoid war with Germany. For example, they did nothing to stop Hitler from taking over Czechoslovakia

Question 33

policy of appeasement OB-EU
Aroused stalins suspicions

Answer 33

POA made him think B&F were tryna push hitler towards the eastern frontier. Stalin not invited to Munich conference despite Czechoslovakia and USSR having a mutual military alliance treaty, singing of N-S pact, difficult to ally with allies after hitler invaded ussr

Question 34

hitler: reasons for singing N-S pact

Answer 34

Avoid war on two fronts (wanted to invade poland, feared opposition from B&F as well as USSR, wavoid war on two fronts which proved disastrous in WW1 → eliminated fear of soviet intervention)

Question 35

stalin: reasons for signing N-S pact 2

Answer 35

Buy time to strengthen soviet military forces for possible war with germany (10 years, wary of hitler knowing he disliked commies, felt soviet forces not strong enough to withstand germany)

Distrust of allies (munich agreement)

Question 36

reasons for policy of appeasement OB-EU
Fear of another major war

Answer 36

ww1 major impact on B&F, public sentiments unwilling to take part in another war → would not have public support in a war → POA more practical

Question 37

reasons for policy of appeasement OB-EU Fear of commies

Answer 37

hitelr banned commie pary and arrested its leaders to conc camps, B&F wanted germany as ally gainst ussr as they hated and feared communism and saw it as a bigger threat

Question 38

reasons for policy of appeasement OB-EU
Sympathy for germany over harsh TOV

Answer 38

1930s, many british felt TOV too harsh, scattering of german speaking ppl → justified taking over sudetenland, felt hitelers demands were reasonable

Question 39

reasons for policy of appeasement OB-EU
Buy time to re-arm

Answer 39

ww1 weakened B&F econ and militarily, needed time to build up military to be able to withstand german offensive