Bio Human And Plant Nutrition And Transport Flashcards
1
Q
What is the chem formula of glucose
A
C6H12O6
2
Q
Light stage photosynthesis (3)
A
Absorption of light energy via chlorophyll
conversion light to chem energy
photolysis of water into H and O2 (g)
3
Q
Dark stage photosynthesis
A
Chem energy and H atoms for LD stage used to reduce CO2 into glucose via enzyme reactions
4
Q
What are 3 factors affecting photosynthesis
A
Light intensity
CO2 conc
Temp
5
Q
What is glucose used for in leaves
A
Used for cellular respiration
Converted to sucrose for transport
Excess stored as starch
6
Q
Lamina (2)
A
Large SA = max absorption of sunlight
Thin, allows rapid diffusion of CO2
7
Q
Petiole
A
Positions leaf away from stem at 45 degrees = more exposure = max absorption of light and more gas exchange
8
Q
Layers of cells in leaf
A
Upper epidermis: no chloroplasts
Palisade mesophyll: most chloroplasts
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis
9
Q
Role of water in body (4)
A
Solvent for chem reactions
Helps transport digested substances
Needed for chem processes eg photosynthesis
Regulates body temp
10
Q
Chem formula carbohydrate
A
C, H, O
2: 1
11
Q
Monosaccharides (3)
A
Glucose fructose galactose
Pass thru cell mems
All have formula C6H12O6
12
Q
Disaccharide
A
Sucrose (GluF) Lactose (GluGal) Maltose (GluGlu) All same chem formula C12H22O11 Broken by hydrolysis /w enzyme
13
Q
Polysaccharides
A
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
14
Q
Used of carbs (4)
A
Provide energy Form supporting structures Conversion into other organic compounds Forms DNA (nucleus acid)
15
Q
Fats chem formula
A
C, H, O
No fixed proportion
Breaks down into fatty acids + glycerol is hydrolysis
16
Q
Use of fats (3)
A
Energy source and store
Solvent for fat soluble vitamins
Insulating mat
17
Q
Chem formula protein
A
C, O, H, N (maybe sulfur)
Polypeptides - amino acids - polypeptide chains -fold into 3D molecule- protein : synthesis of enzymes hormones antibodies
18
Q
Nucleus
A
Contains genetic info: chromatin threads
Controls cell activities
19
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Solvent of water/proteins that contains organelles
Made of phospholipid bi layer
20
Q
Vacuoles
A
Stores minerals and starch and water
Covered by tonoplast
21
Q
Ribosomes
A
Protein synthesis site
22
Q
Mitochondria
A
Releases energy via aerobic respiration
23
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
Modification and packaging of proteins
Secretes them out
24
Q
ER smooth
A
Synt lipids and steroids
25
ER rough
Folding and production (ribosomes)
| Packaging into transport vesicles
26
Differences between animal and plant cell
Cell wall
Chloroplast
(No) Centrioles
Large central vacuole
27
Root hair cell
Long and narrow protrusion : max SA to V ratio : after absorption of water and minerals
Numerous mitochondria : active transport
28
Red blood cell
No nucleus - more space - more haemoglobin- more oxygen
Circular bici cave shape incr SA to V ratio - more diffusion of oxygen
Elastic - squeeze thru capillaries
29
Sickle cell anemia
Less SA to V ratio - lower rate of diffusion - lower aerobic respiration - lower energy release - tired easily
30
What processes need a PPM
Active transport and osmosis
31
What happens to plant and animal cells in higher (hypotonic) and lower (hypertonic) WP solutions
Plant. Animal
Higher: Turgid. Bursts, lyses
Lower: Plasmolysed (flaccid) Crenated
32
Why is maintaining turgor pressure important (3)
Maintains shape of soft tissues
Keeps plants firm and upright
Loss can lead to wilting
33
What is an enzyme (3)
Catalyst speeds up reactions
Lowers activation energy
Remains chem unchanged
34
Lock and key hypothesis
Enzyme has a 3D shape that has an active site, only substrate with complementary shape /w active site can fit: enzyme-substrate complex, products detach after reaction
35
Denaturation
Change in 3D shape of enzyme
Caused by extreme temps or pH
Substrate no longer fits and no reaction
36
Enzyme activity graph (4)
Inactive at Low temps less KE : less collision
Higher temps more activity more KEn: more collision : more formation of E-S complex
Rate of reaction max : most active
Higher than good temp : loses shape lower activity
37
Assimilation
Usage of food molecules and nutrients: conversion into new protoplasm/ used by body
38
Egestion
Undigested food no chem reaction removed from body
| Chem reaction: excretion
39
Peristalsis
Rhythmic wave like contractions in walls of alimentary canal
Constrict: L relax C contract
Dilate: C relax L contract
40
Pharynx
Connects buccal cavity (mouth) with oesophagus and larynx. Also leads to trachea
41
Swallowing and breathing
Larynx has a slit like opening: glottis- covered by flap like tissue: epiglottis
Breathing: glottis opens- larynx down
Swallow: Epiglottis covers- larynx up
42
Stomach
```
Temp storage
Gastric juices (gastric glands) and HCL
```
Pepsinogen to pepsin
43
Small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum (digestion), ileum (absorption)
Intestinal juice pancreatic juice and bile
Emulsifies fats
Proteins to polypeptides (pepsin)
Polypeptides to amino acids (peptidase)
44
Large intestine
Colon and rectum
| Absorbs water and mineral salts
45
Absorption (ileum)
SI has folds, villi, microvilli
Thin walls of villi (one cell)
Dense network of blood cap. (Steep gradient)
each villus: lacteal/lymphatic capillary
46
Lacteal/ lymphatic capillary
Transports fats
Surrounded by blood capillary
Fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into epithelium: recombine into fats - then enter lacteal
47
Hepatic portal vein
Blood capillaries unite to form HPV
Transports sugars and amino acids intestines to liver to hepatic portal vein to body
Excess glucose to glycogen
Excess AA to urea
48
Uses of nutrients glucose AA and fats
Glucose: respiration - energy release, excess into glycogen
Aa: converted into new protoplasm, growth and repair, excess desminares in liver into urea
Fats: phospholipid cell membrane, provide energy when Low glucose, excess in adipose tissue
49
Liver function (3)
- Regulates blood glucose conc. (Stimulate liver cells)
Insulin and glucagon: islet of lagerhans
- Deamination of AA into urea
- Detox, breakdown of alcohol :
Alcohol -alcohol dehydrogenase- acetaldehyde
50
Guard cells in sun and at night
Sun: GC photosynthesis, chem energy pump K+ ions into guard cells, lower WP, water enters via O: turgid, curve in, opening
Night: opp- flaccid/plasmolysed, stomata closes: less CO2 entering
51
Xylem vessels
Transports H2O and mineral salts from roots
Provides mechanical support
Long, hollow no cross walls or protoplasm: continuous lumen - reduce resistance of water
Strengthened w lignin: prevent collapse
52
Phloem
Transports manufactured food (AA and sucrose) from leaves
Sieve tube cell lost main organelles except cytoplasm- reduced resistance
Sieve plates have pores allowing rapid flow
Companion cells: mitochondria for energy - loading of sugars into sieve tubes (Active transport)
53
Vascular bundle in stem
Ring around pith
Phloem outside
Cambium cells in between : differentiate
54
Translocation
Transport of sucrose and AA
55
Water entry into plant
Root hair cells have thin film of liquid
Sap of plant cell Low WP (conc)
Water enters via osmosis & other cells until xylem
56
Entry of mineral salts
Low conc of min salts in CS/high conc in soil - diffusion
High conc of min salts in CS/ Low conc in soil - active transport
57
Moving water against gravity (2)
Root pressure: constant entry of water into roots via osmosis
Capillary action: movement of water due to forces of attraction between water molecules and tube surfaces
Transpirational pull
Suction force pulling columns of water up in xylem vessels
58
Transpiration importance (2)
Turgidity maintained : water lost in aerial portions gets replaced, leaves spread out
Loss of latent heat of vapourisation
59
Movement of water from mesophyll cells to surroundings
1. Water moves out of Mcells to form thin layer of moisture around em: evaps to form WV in air spaces
2. WV diffuses out leaf to surroundings
3. Water out of Mcells to replace thin moisture film decreases WP of Mcell sap. Absorbs water via osmosis from deeper cells in leaf from xylem vessels (transpirational pull)
60
Potometer
Directly measures ROA of H2O
| Assumes ROA = proportional to rate of transpiration
61
Factors affecting transpiration rate
```
Humidity up T down
Wind up (blows away WV) T up
Temp up T up
Light up (stomata size: opens) T up
```
62
Wilting
Rate of transpiration more than rate of absorption of water by roots
Cells lose turgor = flaccid
A: less SA to sun, less excessive loss of water
D: less CO2 less photosynthesis = drooping
63
Components of blood (4)
RBC
WBC
Plasma
Platelets
64
RBC
```
Produced in bone marrow destroyed in spleen
Haemoglobin binds to O2
No nucleus more haemoglobin
Circular biconcave: SA to V ratio
Elastic: squeeze thru blood caps
```
65
WBC
Produced in bone marrow destroyed in spleen
Has nucleus
Mobile to squeeze thru caps
Lymphocytes : produce antibodies
Phagocytes : ingest foreign particles (phagocytosis)
66
Functions of blood
Transport medium carrying nutrients and excretory products
Protects body against disease carrying organisms
Blood clotting prevent blood loss
67
Transport of O2 to body
Blood thru lungs, o2 from air sac to blood, haemoglobin binds, oxyhemoglobin, tissue cells
68
Blood clotting
When exposed to air damaged tissues and platelets produce thrombokinase.
Prothrombin - thrombokinase - thrombin, soluble fibrinogen
Insoluble fibrin threads entangle blood cells and forms a clot
69
Antibodies
Produced by lymphocytes
Bind to bacteria causing surface membrane to rupture
Bacterial cells clump, toxins produced are neutralidad
70
Agglutination
Clumping of RBC
| Reaction between antigens and antibodies in blood
71
Functions artery
Carry blood away
| Oxygenated (except pulmonary)
72
Functions veins
Carry blood towards
| Deoxygenated (except pulmonary)
73
Function capillaries
Exchange of materials between blood and tissues
| Large network : higher SA to V ratio : more exchange
74
Wall thickness arteries
```
Thick muscular (prevent rupture during influx of blood) and to withstand blood pressure
Constriction and dilation
```
75
Veins Wal lthcikness
Thin walls
less elastic tissue
(Lower BP)
76
Capillaries wall thickness
Endothelium: single layer of flat cells allow permeability for water
77
Lumen artery vs vein
Artery : small lumen to withstand BP
| Vein : large lumen lower Bp
78
Valves in veins (ONLy veins)
Prevent back flow
79
Tissue fluid
Colourless fluid in between cells
80
Movement of useful mats/O2 from flood to cells
Blood- capillaries-tissue fluid- cells
| Diffusion
81
Waste products to excretory organs
Waste - tissue fluid- capillary walls -blood- excretory organs
82
Double circulation in mammals
Pulmonary circulation: Low pressure (enough time for oxygenation)
Systemic circulation: high pressure (blood quickly distributed)
83
Semi lunar valves
Pulmonary
Aortic
Prevent back flow
84
Median septum
Separates R and L sides of heart
| Is muscle
85
Vena cava
Aorta
Blood from rest of body to RA
From LV to rest of body
86
Blood pathway (5)
1. Deoxy blood: vena cava
2. Right atrium to right ventricle
3. Contracts : pulmonary artery
4. Lungs
5. Oxy blood to left atrium
87
Cardiac cycle
1. A and V relax : fills A
2. A contracts : into V
3. V contracts : incr pressure
4. Tri and Bi close
5. Higher pressure V than A : semi lunar open
6. Blood enters pulmonary/systemic circulation via pulmonary artery/aorta
7. V relax lowers pressure
8. Semi lunar close
Both systems at same time
Each about 0.8s
88
Coronary disease
Build up of fatty substances : narrow lumen
Thrombosis (blood clot in arteries) even lower blood flow
Too little O2 : heart attack
Cause: fatty diet
Prevention: no smoke, healthy diet
89
Line top
Line middle up down
Line bottom
Aorta
Ventricle
Atrium
90
Graph high part until connect
Atrial systole
*Ventricular systole
(Semi lunar open)
Atrial diastole
Ventricular diastole
