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TSHALTAIAGFFA.IIAO.NCBDTCI.IIASOLAL,BAB,CAS,ATDOD.IIASOTBLBOBAOW.IITSOTEOAE.TSTAS-TTAHSLAASFATWCDTTNTD,IIAHRN.RH.IIHAYRTW.TIHTFMCTAC.CATHCATYOP.TINJTEOAR,NIFOCI.TITTOTJ.TESN. > Bio Human And Plant Nutrition And Transport > Flashcards

Bio Human And Plant Nutrition And Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chem formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

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2
Q

Light stage photosynthesis (3)

A

Absorption of light energy via chlorophyll
conversion light to chem energy
photolysis of water into H and O2 (g)

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3
Q

Dark stage photosynthesis

A

Chem energy and H atoms for LD stage used to reduce CO2 into glucose via enzyme reactions

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4
Q

What are 3 factors affecting photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
CO2 conc
Temp

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5
Q

What is glucose used for in leaves

A

Used for cellular respiration
Converted to sucrose for transport
Excess stored as starch

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6
Q

Lamina (2)

A

Large SA = max absorption of sunlight

Thin, allows rapid diffusion of CO2

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7
Q

Petiole

A

Positions leaf away from stem at 45 degrees = more exposure = max absorption of light and more gas exchange

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8
Q

Layers of cells in leaf

A

Upper epidermis: no chloroplasts
Palisade mesophyll: most chloroplasts
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis

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9
Q

Role of water in body (4)

A

Solvent for chem reactions
Helps transport digested substances
Needed for chem processes eg photosynthesis
Regulates body temp

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10
Q

Chem formula carbohydrate

A

C, H, O

2: 1

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11
Q

Monosaccharides (3)

A

Glucose fructose galactose
Pass thru cell mems
All have formula C6H12O6

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12
Q

Disaccharide

A 
Sucrose (GluF)
Lactose (GluGal)
Maltose (GluGlu) 
All same chem formula C12H22O11
Broken by hydrolysis /w enzyme
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13
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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14
Q

Used of carbs (4)

A 
Provide energy 
Form supporting structures 
Conversion into other organic compounds 
Forms DNA (nucleus acid)
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15
Q

Fats chem formula

A

C, H, O
No fixed proportion
Breaks down into fatty acids + glycerol is hydrolysis

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16
Q

Use of fats (3)

A

Energy source and store
Solvent for fat soluble vitamins
Insulating mat

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17
Q

Chem formula protein

A

C, O, H, N (maybe sulfur)
Polypeptides - amino acids - polypeptide chains -fold into 3D molecule- protein : synthesis of enzymes hormones antibodies

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic info: chromatin threads

Controls cell activities

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Solvent of water/proteins that contains organelles

Made of phospholipid bi layer

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20
Q

Vacuoles

A

Stores minerals and starch and water

Covered by tonoplast

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21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis site

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy via aerobic respiration

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23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modification and packaging of proteins

Secretes them out

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24
Q

ER smooth

A

Synt lipids and steroids

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25
Q

ER rough

A

Folding and production (ribosomes)

Packaging into transport vesicles

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26
Q

Differences between animal and plant cell

A

Cell wall
Chloroplast
(No) Centrioles
Large central vacuole

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27
Q

Root hair cell

A

Long and narrow protrusion : max SA to V ratio : after absorption of water and minerals
Numerous mitochondria : active transport

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28
Q

Red blood cell

A

No nucleus - more space - more haemoglobin- more oxygen
Circular bici cave shape incr SA to V ratio - more diffusion of oxygen
Elastic - squeeze thru capillaries

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29
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Less SA to V ratio - lower rate of diffusion - lower aerobic respiration - lower energy release - tired easily

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30
Q

What processes need a PPM

A

Active transport and osmosis

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31
Q

What happens to plant and animal cells in higher (hypotonic) and lower (hypertonic) WP solutions

A

Plant. Animal
Higher: Turgid. Bursts, lyses

Lower: Plasmolysed (flaccid) Crenated

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32
Q

Why is maintaining turgor pressure important (3)

A

Maintains shape of soft tissues
Keeps plants firm and upright
Loss can lead to wilting

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33
Q

What is an enzyme (3)

A

Catalyst speeds up reactions
Lowers activation energy
Remains chem unchanged

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34
Q

Lock and key hypothesis

A

Enzyme has a 3D shape that has an active site, only substrate with complementary shape /w active site can fit: enzyme-substrate complex, products detach after reaction

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35
Q

Denaturation

A

Change in 3D shape of enzyme
Caused by extreme temps or pH
Substrate no longer fits and no reaction

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36
Q

Enzyme activity graph (4)

A

Inactive at Low temps less KE : less collision
Higher temps more activity more KEn: more collision : more formation of E-S complex
Rate of reaction max : most active
Higher than good temp : loses shape lower activity

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37
Q

Assimilation

A

Usage of food molecules and nutrients: conversion into new protoplasm/ used by body

38
Q

Egestion

A

Undigested food no chem reaction removed from body

Chem reaction: excretion

39
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic wave like contractions in walls of alimentary canal
Constrict: L relax C contract
Dilate: C relax L contract

40
Q

Pharynx

A

Connects buccal cavity (mouth) with oesophagus and larynx. Also leads to trachea

41
Q

Swallowing and breathing

A

Larynx has a slit like opening: glottis- covered by flap like tissue: epiglottis
Breathing: glottis opens- larynx down
Swallow: Epiglottis covers- larynx up

42
Q

Stomach

A 
Temp storage 
Gastric juices (gastric glands) and HCL

Pepsinogen to pepsin

43
Q

Small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum (digestion), ileum (absorption)

Intestinal juice pancreatic juice and bile
Emulsifies fats
Proteins to polypeptides (pepsin)
Polypeptides to amino acids (peptidase)

44
Q

Large intestine

A

Colon and rectum

Absorbs water and mineral salts

45
Q

Absorption (ileum)

A

SI has folds, villi, microvilli
Thin walls of villi (one cell)
Dense network of blood cap. (Steep gradient)
each villus: lacteal/lymphatic capillary

46
Q

Lacteal/ lymphatic capillary

A

Transports fats
Surrounded by blood capillary
Fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into epithelium: recombine into fats - then enter lacteal

47
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Blood capillaries unite to form HPV
Transports sugars and amino acids intestines to liver to hepatic portal vein to body

Excess glucose to glycogen
Excess AA to urea

48
Q

Uses of nutrients glucose AA and fats

A

Glucose: respiration - energy release, excess into glycogen
Aa: converted into new protoplasm, growth and repair, excess desminares in liver into urea
Fats: phospholipid cell membrane, provide energy when Low glucose, excess in adipose tissue

49
Q

Liver function (3)

A
  • Regulates blood glucose conc. (Stimulate liver cells)
    Insulin and glucagon: islet of lagerhans
  • Deamination of AA into urea
  • Detox, breakdown of alcohol :
    Alcohol -alcohol dehydrogenase- acetaldehyde
50
Q

Guard cells in sun and at night

A

Sun: GC photosynthesis, chem energy pump K+ ions into guard cells, lower WP, water enters via O: turgid, curve in, opening

Night: opp- flaccid/plasmolysed, stomata closes: less CO2 entering

51
Q

Xylem vessels

A

Transports H2O and mineral salts from roots
Provides mechanical support
Long, hollow no cross walls or protoplasm: continuous lumen - reduce resistance of water
Strengthened w lignin: prevent collapse

52
Q

Phloem

A

Transports manufactured food (AA and sucrose) from leaves
Sieve tube cell lost main organelles except cytoplasm- reduced resistance
Sieve plates have pores allowing rapid flow
Companion cells: mitochondria for energy - loading of sugars into sieve tubes (Active transport)

53
Q

Vascular bundle in stem

A

Ring around pith
Phloem outside
Cambium cells in between : differentiate

54
Q

Translocation

A

Transport of sucrose and AA

55
Q

Water entry into plant

A

Root hair cells have thin film of liquid
Sap of plant cell Low WP (conc)
Water enters via osmosis & other cells until xylem

56
Q

Entry of mineral salts

A

Low conc of min salts in CS/high conc in soil - diffusion

High conc of min salts in CS/ Low conc in soil - active transport

57
Q

Moving water against gravity (2)

A

Root pressure: constant entry of water into roots via osmosis

Capillary action: movement of water due to forces of attraction between water molecules and tube surfaces

Transpirational pull
Suction force pulling columns of water up in xylem vessels

58
Q

Transpiration importance (2)

A

Turgidity maintained : water lost in aerial portions gets replaced, leaves spread out

Loss of latent heat of vapourisation

59
Q

Movement of water from mesophyll cells to surroundings

A
  1. Water moves out of Mcells to form thin layer of moisture around em: evaps to form WV in air spaces
  2. WV diffuses out leaf to surroundings
  3. Water out of Mcells to replace thin moisture film decreases WP of Mcell sap. Absorbs water via osmosis from deeper cells in leaf from xylem vessels (transpirational pull)
60
Q

Potometer

A

Directly measures ROA of H2O

Assumes ROA = proportional to rate of transpiration

61
Q

Factors affecting transpiration rate

A 
Humidity up T down
Wind up (blows away WV) T up
Temp up T up
Light up (stomata size: opens) T up
62
Q

Wilting

A

Rate of transpiration more than rate of absorption of water by roots
Cells lose turgor = flaccid

A: less SA to sun, less excessive loss of water

D: less CO2 less photosynthesis = drooping

63
Q

Components of blood (4)

A

RBC
WBC
Plasma
Platelets

64
Q

RBC

A 
Produced in bone marrow destroyed in spleen 
Haemoglobin binds to O2 
No nucleus more haemoglobin 
Circular biconcave: SA to V ratio 
Elastic: squeeze thru blood caps
65
Q

WBC

A

Produced in bone marrow destroyed in spleen
Has nucleus
Mobile to squeeze thru caps

Lymphocytes : produce antibodies
Phagocytes : ingest foreign particles (phagocytosis)

66
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transport medium carrying nutrients and excretory products
Protects body against disease carrying organisms
Blood clotting prevent blood loss

67
Q

Transport of O2 to body

A

Blood thru lungs, o2 from air sac to blood, haemoglobin binds, oxyhemoglobin, tissue cells

68
Q

Blood clotting

A

When exposed to air damaged tissues and platelets produce thrombokinase.

Prothrombin - thrombokinase - thrombin, soluble fibrinogen

Insoluble fibrin threads entangle blood cells and forms a clot

69
Q

Antibodies

A

Produced by lymphocytes
Bind to bacteria causing surface membrane to rupture
Bacterial cells clump, toxins produced are neutralidad

70
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of RBC

Reaction between antigens and antibodies in blood

71
Q

Functions artery

A

Carry blood away

Oxygenated (except pulmonary)

72
Q

Functions veins

A

Carry blood towards

Deoxygenated (except pulmonary)

73
Q

Function capillaries

A

Exchange of materials between blood and tissues

Large network : higher SA to V ratio : more exchange

74
Q

Wall thickness arteries

A 
Thick muscular (prevent rupture during influx of blood) and to withstand blood pressure 
Constriction and dilation
75
Q

Veins Wal lthcikness

A

Thin walls
less elastic tissue
(Lower BP)

76
Q

Capillaries wall thickness

A

Endothelium: single layer of flat cells allow permeability for water

77
Q

Lumen artery vs vein

A

Artery : small lumen to withstand BP

Vein : large lumen lower Bp

78
Q

Valves in veins (ONLy veins)

A

Prevent back flow

79
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Colourless fluid in between cells

80
Q

Movement of useful mats/O2 from flood to cells

A

Blood- capillaries-tissue fluid- cells

Diffusion

81
Q

Waste products to excretory organs

A

Waste - tissue fluid- capillary walls -blood- excretory organs

82
Q

Double circulation in mammals

A

Pulmonary circulation: Low pressure (enough time for oxygenation)
Systemic circulation: high pressure (blood quickly distributed)

83
Q

Semi lunar valves

A

Pulmonary
Aortic

Prevent back flow

84
Q

Median septum

A

Separates R and L sides of heart

Is muscle

85
Q

Vena cava

Aorta

A

Blood from rest of body to RA

From LV to rest of body

86
Q

Blood pathway (5)

A
  1. Deoxy blood: vena cava
  2. Right atrium to right ventricle
  3. Contracts : pulmonary artery
  4. Lungs
  5. Oxy blood to left atrium
87
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  1. A and V relax : fills A
  2. A contracts : into V
  3. V contracts : incr pressure
  4. Tri and Bi close
  5. Higher pressure V than A : semi lunar open
  6. Blood enters pulmonary/systemic circulation via pulmonary artery/aorta
  7. V relax lowers pressure
  8. Semi lunar close

Both systems at same time
Each about 0.8s

88
Q

Coronary disease

A

Build up of fatty substances : narrow lumen
Thrombosis (blood clot in arteries) even lower blood flow
Too little O2 : heart attack

Cause: fatty diet
Prevention: no smoke, healthy diet

89
Q

Line top
Line middle up down
Line bottom

A

Aorta
Ventricle
Atrium

90
Q

Graph high part until connect

A

Atrial systole

*Ventricular systole
(Semi lunar open)
Atrial diastole

Ventricular diastole

TSHALTAIAGFFA.IIAO.NCBDTCI.IIASOLAL,BAB,CAS,ATDOD.IIASOTBLBOBAOW.IITSOTEOAE.TSTAS-TTAHSLAASFATWCDTTNTD,IIAHRN.RH.IIHAYRTW.TIHTFMCTAC.CATHCATYOP.TINJTEOAR,NIFOCI.TITTOTJ.TESN. (28 decks)

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