🔴 GEOG Food GW1-3 + Diseases Flashcards

Question

physical factors affecting food prod

Answer 1

- climate (temp, rain) - soil and drainage - relief (slopes/altitude)

Answer 2

High rainfall, High temperature More food crops, Crops that need warmer climates. Soya bean and tomato need warmer temperatures Cooler temperatures Not as conducive for food production Good for crops that need cooler temps Strawberries in Cameron highlands

Answer 3

Floodplains with fertile soils More food crops as soil has more nutrients to support plant growth Highly fertile soils, a flat terrain and a large water supply results in a very high production of rice in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam Soils with different ability to retain or drain off water Type of crop produced and overall yield depends on suitability of the soil Oats require more sandy soil that are well-drained. Rice require soil with more clay and which retain large amount of water.

Answer 4

Steep slopes / Altitude Generally more difficult to grow and thus less food production. Terracing might be necessary. High altitudes allow crops which require cooler temperatures to grow On steep slopes, top soil may be washed away more easily and thus the soil may be less fertile, affecting productivity of the area. At Cameron Highlands, steep slopes allow for the growing of tea as water can slowly drain off from the slope. High altitudes also allow crops which require cooler temperatures such as strawberries to grow.

Answer 5

- purpose of farming - demand and capital - agribusiness

Answer 6

Subsistence farming prod of crops to feed farmer and fam Land: Small, 1-3 hectares Labour: Family of farmer Capital: Simple farming tools, seeds from previous harvests Low crop yield, due to small land area, simple tools, and seeds from previous harvests. TA: lower food production as only need to produce for own and family’s consumption. Widely practiced in Sub-Saharan Africa. Crops grown usually include corn, cassava Commercial farming Large scale intended for sale rather than farmer needs Land: Large, 30-thousands of hectares Labour: Hired Capital: Machinery eg tractors and combine harvesters High crop yield, due to large land area, machinery Produced as cash crops TA: Large scale farming with high food production fo sale to earn revenue. Widely practiced in Europe, North and South America, Australia and Asia

Answer 7

Peoples willingness and ability to obtain a particular food crop or product, High demand of food crop and capital to meet demand High demand - people willing to pay more - farmers motivated to increase supply - tech developed for it reduces cost - farmers further motivated : increased intensity leads to higher production TA: increased demand leads to prices going up. Farmers thus have increased motivation to increase pdt, and pdt increases. Higher capital also allows for greater investment to increase food production. As China’s wealth increased, there was an increased demand for meat and this led to the need to import corn for food for livestock.

Answer 8

business or industry involved in food production, refers to large scale farming and related businesses eg. Commercial farming, processing, packaging, distributing and retailing Invest in research and dev of crops Greater crop yields Able to withstand impact of changes to environment on crops eg. pest damage and flooding compared to small farmers. Investment in food production -> greater crop yields TA: agribusiness controls all aspects from farm to salad, and needs to produce a lot to earn revenue. Food production is very high. Lower cost of production - lower cost of product - competitors (smaller businesses) suffer Dole has worldwide operations from farming, processing to distribution and port facilities.

Answer 9

- agricaultural policies - food policies - ASEAN

Answer 10

Agricultural policies can encourage or negatively affect production Agricultural policies include farmer development and education and pricing policies. It can lead to higher or lower production. In India, the Punjab Agriculture Department started educating wheat farmers about the best available seed varieties, pesticide treatment and irrigation methods in 2012 to ensure greater productivity from its farmland.

Answer 11

Food stockpiling, diversification of sources, direct contracts between local companies and famers. Increase stability and security of food. Not so much effect on food production. Singapore NTUC Fairprice Co operative Ltd purchases vegetables through contracts with Indonesian farmers. Singapore purchases vegetables from Malaysia, China and USA.

Answer 12

Collaboration between ASEAN countries Increase stability of food through agreements between ASEAN countries. ASEAN countries also have agreements to share technological knowledge to help increase production. ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR) Agreement

Answer 13

- high yielding varieties - irrigation - mechanisation - fertilisers and pesticides

Answer 14

Refer to hybrid varieties of a particular crop that have been developed through cross breeding of selected varieties that exhibit favourable characteristics. The increased resistance to pests and shorter growing seasons lead to a higher production in a set amount of time. However, these need more water and nutrients, thus may be more costly. The ‘Wonder Rice’ has a growing season of 100 days compared to the growth duration of 120 days for the non-HYVs.

Answer 15

A method of supplying water to the land other than by natural means. By supplying water to areas that used to be too dry for farming, it increases the amount of land suitable for farming. (arable land) consistent supply of water. More land for farming leads to higher crop yields and higher production. The Great Man-made River in Libya is one of the most extensive irrigation projects in the world and has made it possible to grow crops in the Sahara Desert.

Answer 16

Use of machinery to perform tasks that would otherwise be done manually. Speeds up processes involved in preparing the land, such as tending to crops and harvesting. Faster speed leads to higher production. Up until recently, the small oily fruit was picked by hand in a painstaking process by many workers. Now, farmers use an olive harvesting machine which shakes the tree, releasing the olives, and collecting them in one centralized location.

Answer 17

Fertilisers: Substances added to the soil to provide nutrients for healthy plant growth. Pesticides: Chemical substances used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops. Nutrients in soil would be depleted eventually, especially after continuous use of farmland. Small amt of nutrients - low yield. Fertilisers - bring nutrients back - higher yield. Less damage to crops lead to more suitable crops leads to higher production. Herbicides kill weed and other undesirable plants that compete with crops for resources. The use of a pesticide called malathion was widely used in the 1980s to address a fruit fly problem in fruit orchards in California, USA.

Answer 18

- Waterlogging : soil is oversaturated with water. Irrigation causes fields to be flooded, soil filled with water, roots unable to get nutrients, plants can "drown", reduce prod - Salinisation :Occurs when water added to soil during irrigation evaporates directly from moist soil, salt left behind. Also when irrigation no proper drainage of excess water. Groundwater may reach upper soil layers bringing up dissolved salts. Saline soils too High conc for plants (pg137) Seawater used for irrigation, when dries up it leaves salts, soil to salty and unsuitable, reduce prod

Answer 19

- Contamination of groundwater : pesticides and fertilisers seep into groundwater thru the process of percolation (water going downwards thru soil), gw is contaminated and unsuitable for agriculture or drinking, reduce productivity, ppl fall sick - Water pollution : Chemicals washed into water bodies during surface runoff, pollutes the water, water borne diseases when ppl consume it and death of aquatic plants and animals, affecting ecosystem, farmers affected as less fish to catch - eutrophication: The presence of excess nutrients in water : Leads to algae blooms which deplete oxygen in water and block sunlight, death of aquatic plants and animals, decomposition leads to further oxygen depletion

Answer 20

- measures to manage runoff: control measures aimed at preventing nutrients from reaching water bodies (less effect to treat water after it occurs) - raising awareness thru public awareness campaigns. managing eutrophication realted to monitoring pollution, req cooperation between govt, orgs, and comm

Answer 21

- global warming - extreme weather events - pests eg wild rabbits and insects

Answer 22

weather is getting too hot, crops cannot grow well , supply cannot meet demand, food shortage limits supply Food production decreased by up to 50% in Brazil, India, Pakistan, Turkey, parts of the USA, most of Southeast Asia and most of Australia. Glaciers in the Himalayas expected to cause food shortage in the coming decades.

Answer 23

Crops destroyed during tropical cyclones and floods, supply cannot meet demand, food shortage limits supply Cyclone Yasi caused sugar prices to surge as a third of Queensland’s crop lay in the direct path of the cyclone, causing massive damage.

Answer 24

Destroy crops by eating them or spreading diseases, productivity drops, supply cannot meet demand, food shortage limits supply Caterpillar invasion in Liberia africa 2009. Tens of millions of catapillars invaded the country, devouring all the plants and food in their path. About 46 villages in northern liberia were affected.

Answer 25

- civil strife - poor governance

Answer 26

Fighting cause people to forgo farms; farms destroyed, food prod drops, supply cannot meet demand, food shortage limit supply. reduced accessibility The Syrian village of Houla where there was a massacre of over 100 people in May 2012, faced critical food shortage, as there was no harvesting and many cattles had been lost.

Answer 27

Gov does not allocate enough resources to infrastructure and food prod/imports, supply cannot meet demand, food shortage limit supply, reduced accessibility Madhya Pradesh In 2010, 40,000 villagers were deprived of land for farming due to the development of mining, a steel plant and port. Villagers lost the means to produce their own food and were left with extremely limited income to buy food

Answer 28

- Rising demand for meat and dairy products from emerging economies like China and India - The soaring cost of fertilisers and Transport - Conversion of farmland to industrial crop production to produce biofuel

Answer 29

more disposable income, can afford more food, esp meat, incr demand, supply cannot meet demand, food shortage More resources go towards rearing animals, less food for consumption, s

Answer 30

Farmers cannot afford, shut down of farms, supply decrease, demand more than supply, food shortage Farmers pass cost to consumers, consumers cannot afford, food shortage limit supply, reduced accessibilty Kazakhstan A major producer of wheat. In March 2011, world crude oil prices increased by 10.3%. Thus, had to increase the price of wheat exported to neighbouring countries (e.g. Tajikistan) due to the rise in fuel cost.

Answer 31

Increased use of crops as biofuel as its more lucrative, less crops left for consumption , supply cannot meet demand, food shortage limit supply, incr costs Biofuel production in the USA About 25% of all food crops grown in the USA become fuel for vehicles instead of food. Amount would have been enough to feed 330 million people for one year.

Answer 32

- lack of accessibility - inadequate logistics of food distribution and storage - Rapid population Growth

Answer 33

Poor transport network - unable to transport food - less accessible less accessible, incr cost (delivery) Food can't be distributed to many places, poor access to food, food shortage. Lack of proper storage, food gets spoiled easily, supply limited, supply can't meet demand, food shortage : food cannot reach ppl less accesible, incr cost Timor-Leste One-third of the population experiences food shortages in between harvests. Chronic food shortage is worsened by: •Lack of storage facilities •Difficulty of accessing numerous remote communities

Answer 34

increased demand, supply cannot increase fast enough to meet demand, food shortage incr demand By 2025, 75% of Sub-Saharan Africans have to rely on food aid.

Answer 35

use of refridgerated warehouse storage and delivery trucks - food fresh longer; LDCs: silos - airtight for storing crops silos in Timor-Leste, FAO reduce lloss of crops to pests by 20% can be distributed to further away from prod area - more variety available, more accessible refridgeation on large scale very expensive, poor farmers cannot afford silos

Answer 36

use of HYV, irrigation tech, chem ferts and pesticides and marchinery HYV- prod of rice and wheat in deveploping countries incr 75% between 1965 and 1980 incr crop yield, enabled food to be grown in places previously unsuitable many farming tech too expensive for farmers esp in LDCs, mismanagement may result in envio problems

Answer 37

modifying living orgs, known as genetic modification. GM food is food from crops with modified genetic makeup drought resistant corn, grown on Western Great Plains of USA, where max rainfall is abt 600mm GM have higher yield - higher income, more food prod, less dependent on imports. GM more resistant to extreme waether conditions Gm mostly in large scale commercial farms due to high costs to purchase seeds, thus LDC farmers cannot afford small prod as small demand due to wary consumers concerned abt health risks

Answer 38

growing two or more crops on single piece of land. growing crops in specific order Leguminous crops (seeds in pods eg. Soya bean) have roots with bacteria that produce nitrogen compounds, when die becomes fertilisers for other (planted tgt with non) Less soil erosion and prevents decrease in soil fertility. Dependence on singular crop is avoided via both so variability in prices, market, climate, pests and diseases do not have drastic effects on local econs more supply, lower cost as more crops can grow Difficulty to use machines as diff crops need diff machines, affect productivity

Answer 39

When no till farming is practised, without removing weeds and no digging to plant, allows plant materials from previous growing season kept on surface, maintains soil nutrients from decomp tilling removes plant mats decr org mats Soil protected from erosion or deterioration, fertile for longer, higher yield Lack of knowledge by farmers, reducing effectiveness

Answer 40

countries with insufficient land for farming may lease land from others 2008, South korea 99y lease on 3.2 mil acres of farmland in Madagascar leasing out land gen income, can used to help local farmers improve farming methods - incr food prod leasing could reduce local supply eg etheopia farmland leased to generate income - less land, food shortage

Answer 41

consumers can buy locally prod food, diversifies sources of food supply in country - incr food security keeps local farmers in business - ensures demand, maintain share of food market (comp with big agribussinesses. more affordable due to lower prices Limited government funding available

Answer 42

in many LDCs food prod growth slower than pop growth - concern in countries w widespread hunger and malnutrition Due to high pop growth in phillipines, staples such as fish not enough to meet deamnd, some villages community-based fam planning programes introed to provide contraceptives educate ppl on family planning, access to repro health facilities - population control ,enough supply Difficult to implement especially in rural areas

Answer 43

responding to emergencies - provision of emergency food and assistance during wars and natural disasters food delivered to 99.5% of targeted recipients during 2011 sudan food crisis by United nations world food programme UNWFP) food price inflated during such emergencies - more costly for the org extent of help limited by funding from donors

Answer 44

Sinapore, high-tech farming (1970s-present) agrotechnology parks that house hightech farms, with neccessary infrastructure eg computers local farms prod up to 8% of veg, 8% of fish, 26% on egg - reduce reliance on imports incr supply, local-accessible High cost of high tech farming and lack of land in sg, limit prod - may result in more ex for consumers Govt inability to implement the policies, limit effectiveness Cash crops may be grown instead of food crops, limiting food supply

Answer 45

- infant mortality rate : affected by sol - life expectancy - doctor patient ratio - bed patient ratio

Answer 46

DC Lots of meat, veg, fat; overall high consumption = obesity LDC Staple food eg rice; overall low consumption = malnutrition

Answer 47

healthy lifestyle involves phys activity, balanced diet = less risk of diesases DC Low levels of physical activity: WHO 2012 study, physical inactivity responsible for 6% all global deaths- more significant in DCs: hired help, use of tech = obesity, degenerative diseases LDC High levels of physical activity, smoking (fewer regulations, less education, cheaper) WHO 2012 study, 80% of the 1 billion smokers globally are from LDCs = Smoking: cancers such as lung stomach and mouth Excessive drinking: hbp, liver failure

Answer 48

Educated: more informed on how to lead healthy lifestyles. Generally higher incomes- better access more informed on nutrition and hc - lower IMR, able to care for children better DC Children are more likely to complete their education as edu is often compulsory: more resources to invest in edu LDC Children in poverty more likely to drop out as family cannot afford it and often have to work from young age to supplement household income Indian council of med research; 1981-2005, IMR for children of mothers without formal schooling consistently higher than with education. 11y of formal edu: 60% less likely to die in the first month

Answer 49

LDCs health problems usually due to poverty - limits purchasing power to afford healthcare. More health risks from poor housing and insuffiecient nutrition, less access to vaccination DC DCs in east asia, 7.2% live in extreme poverty LDC The World Bank uses the official global poverty lines as the standard ot measure poverty: currently US$1.90 Sun-saharan africa 42.7% of population

Answer 50

Reources devoted by govts businesses or indivs towards addressing health and medical needs of a population. Eg. money govt uses to build and maintain hospitals - train and hire staff, equipment DC Greater investment and access to hc - greater govt and private sector resources LDC Less accessible as ppl in rural areas may have to travel long distances to the nearest hospitals May not have adequate hc infrastructure - lack of resources or inappropriate use of funds : hc cost burden onto patients

Answer 51

Set of characteristics including housing living spaces and access to basic services Good: - Permanent durable housing - sufficient living space: not more than 3 in a room - easy access to safe water at affordable price - access to adequate sanitation (toilet) DC Solid structures, keep out animals and insects (disease) supplied with clean water, electricity, sanitation LDC Slums characterised by poorly secured structures, poor ventilation and overcrowding

Answer 52

- water source less than 1km from area of use - possible to obtain reliably at least 20l for each member of a household per day DC 99% have access (2010) LDC Can lead to spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera. Improperly stored water (contatiners uncovered) can breed mosquitoes 86% have access (2010)

Answer 53

Safe storage treatment and disposal of waste, having toilets, sewage pipes, and treatment plants Human waste - harmful microorganisms that cause diseases DC 2010 95% have access LDC 2010 58% have access WHO progress on Drinking water and sanitation

Answer 54

Diseases that are communicable or contagious Transmitted by microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi Malaria, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoeal diseases more common in LDCs

Answer 55

Diseases where affected tissues or organs deteriorate over time Due to lifestyle choices, eating habits, bodily wear and tear or genetic causes Coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease. cancer - 7.6 million deaths worldwide, 13% of total in 2008 more common in DCs

Answer 56

When an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people within short periods of time Number of new cases in a given period (incidence rate) is greater than what is expected Total number of existing cases of a disease in a particular population is high Cholera epidemic as a result of the earthquake in Haiti, 2010. Earthquake damaged the country’s water supply and sanitation infrastructure. This caused the water supply to be contaminated by waste materials.

Answer 57

When an infectious disease spreads over a large area (across multiple countries or the whole world) SARS in 2003. It was first reported in Asia but quickly spread to other countries in North America and Europe. In total, it infected 8,422 people worldwide and claimed 914 lives.

Answer 58

Malaria is mainly spread through expansion diffusion which occurs when an infectious disease is spread outwards from its source.

Answer 59

- through blood or bodily fluids. expansion and relocation diffusion: - Relocation diffusion is the introduction of a disease to a location outside its current geographic range. - The disease became highly concentrated in new areas where expansion diffusion could occur.

Answer 60

waste water not disposed properly --> stagnant pools of water form. replenished when rain, favourable breeding ground for mosquitoes. close to settlements --> incr chance of malaria

Answer 61

shortage of hc and doctors in rural areas + cost of malaria treatment. United Nations Development Programme UNDP : critical shortage of docs in india : 6 docs per 10k ppl, only 4% of indias Gross Domestic Product GDP spent on hc ppl may delay treatment as med centres may be far from their homes. longer infected --> incr chance of spread. effective meds too ex, choose cheaper less effective treatment/ no treatment

Answer 62

large number of ppl live very close together in a small area. ppl tend to share spaces and items, interact more often and more closely --> faster disease spread housing for refugees and migrant workers oft overcrowded,, many ppl share 1 room + unhygenic conditions. may not have proper foors and windows to keep out Anopheles mosquitoes (active at night). larger no of ppl cloes to mosquitoes

Answer 63

favuorable for breeding. places where low awareness of malaria and no precaution to remove stagnant pools of water --> mosq breed quickly state of Rajasthan india, water from 8k km of canals in the Great Indian Thar Desert leaks into many plcaes --> created swamps (breeding grounds) regular outbreaks of malaria in desert areas of india ince 1980s

Answer 64

temp, rainfall, relative humidity affect mosquitoes. monsoons - create favuorable conditions for breeding (large amts of rainfall) --> large pools of water (block storm drains from accumuklation of debris post monsoon period where flooded areas dry up leaving stagnant pools. epidemic of malaria : Pakistan 2006 and 2009

Answer 65

- 22-30 C incr lifespan of female mosquitoes - higher temps - shorter dev time of parasites in mosquito host: active and infectious sooner - aquatic lifecycle of mosquitoes reduced from 20 days to 7 when temp incr

Answer 66

- habitats: stagnant pools of water - times of year w insuficient rainfall, habitats not created - habitats may be removed when stagnant water washed away by high rainfall

Answer 67

- 50-60% req for survival and activity of mosq - higher humidity = higher lifespan

Answer 68

2010, WHO estimate of 216 mil cases worldwide, est 537000-907000 ppl died, 2000-2009 LDCs more prevalent: Democratic republic of congo and nigeria: over 40% total deaths in 2010

Answer 69

every 1000 children born alive in Nigeria, 140 die from malaria within a year from birth. infected mother to unborn child transmission: est 7500-200000 infants die within first year from low birth weight due to malaria during pregnancy

Answer 70

econ burden - incr medical expenses Republic of Ghana in West Africa: economic burden up to 34% of a households income medication, transport, days lost from work/school, funeral cost = less $ on other needs

Answer 71

countries set aside funds for provision of hc to adress the disease acc to WHO malaria can account for as much as 40% of public health spending in some countries used for building maintenance, investment in hospitals and clinics, purchase of medicine and insecticide treated nets less $ on other aspects of country

Answer 72

may not be able to work due to poor health - loss of productivity (rate at which goods/services are prod) WHO: econ growth in Africa (area endemic to malaria) has slowed by up to 1.3% each year slower econ growth

Answer 73

- sexual contact: exchange of bodily fluids - sharing of infected needles - pregnant mother to baby - blood transfusion (africa est 250-500 a day)

Answer 74

sim - have place of origin - are the spread of diesase across space diff - spread outward from source // intro to location outside of g. range - contact betw ppl, strongly affected by dist // leaps great dists and intervening populations - more liekly when ppl have contact/interact // often when community migrates from one location to another

Answer 75

extreme disapproval associated with HIV/AIDS patients may face forms of discrimination eg. refusal of access to hc facilities, rejection by fam or comm, expelled from sch, denial of public housing prejudice against ppl with it and ignorance on how its transmitted: early intervention hindered in both dcs and ldcs in the 1980s

Answer 76

ppl unaware of how its transmitted (lack of edu) ppl do not know how to prot themselves and avoid infection: more vulnerable there are also cultural practices to keep girls aabt knowing abt sex and sexuality until marriage sex is a very private subject in Nigeria and discussion oft seen as inappropriate : sexuality awareness education not conducted in schools

Answer 77

certain lifestyle choices incr ones risk of infection eg. drug injection/ sharing needles, refusal to wear condoms durg abuse can put person at risk of infection drug and alcohol intoxication affect judegement -> unasfe sexual practices : put at risk

Answer 78

mistakes, corruption and negligence in med practices WHO est 5-10% HIV transmitted via blood transfusion tainted with hiv/aids : countries where no effective blood screening 130k patients potentially exposed to hiv between 2001 and 2011 in USA scc US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) : contaminated syringes and containers used in transfusions

Answer 79

vice trades: business activities such as involvement in illegal drugs or commercial sex work china: women who move from villages to cities in search of work: limited edu and job training : jobs with low pay and no security -> resort to comm sex work due to lack of options : vulnerable

Answer 80

movement of ppl from on place to another eg for work.. affected by job - miner, truck driver tend to more mobile: leave families behind + foreign place: feel excluded - get involved in risk taking behaviours/ put themselves at risk dev of modern transport + airline: across the globe tourists : take risks they wouldnt take at home eg drink more, unprot sex 2010, queensland australia: highest incidence of HIV/AIDS with 206 ppl diagnosed - some tourists infected when they travelled to Paupa New Guinea, nearby country w high prevalance of it

Answer 81

incr death, lowers life expectancy, pop size, and pop growth. large numbers usually in LDCs eg Kenya in affected countries, life exp almost 6 years lower than without the disease. By 2025 expected to be at 10.8 - UNAIDS Uganda- 1950-1974 LE at 39-51 years; by 1996 reduced to 46 years

Answer 82

large numbers of children lose parents to hiv/aids. worldwide: 17 million. 87% live in sub-saharan african countries eg. uganda, nigeria cared for by extended fam, orphanages built by NGOs. In kenya, half a million do not have support from adults : vulnerable to forced labour, forced into sex industry, recruited as child soldiers carers of orphans - deeper poverty, med costs and living expenses incurred caring for the orphans. orphans stigmatised by society, assumed to be hiv/aids positive. limits childs access to basic neccessities, more likely to suffer from malnutrition and illnesses --> lower SOL

Answer 83

meds to treat HIV/AIDS are antiretroviral drugs -> keept it from progressing, can stop complications for years. taken daily for patients life antiretroviral drugs expensive in both DCs and LDCs: SG: from us160 to us1200 per month. Some LDCs, us69 to us900 per year. where free/subsidised, cost borne by govt or NGOs / South africa govt spent us1.2 billion in 2010 in hc expenditure for hiv/aids patients - acc 2012 country progress report for UNAIDS govt allocate limited resources to care for patients esp for advanced stages. $ and resources diverted that couldve been used for other aspects by govt

Answer 84

shortage of skilled labour in workforce : high death rates illnesses: absent from work for long periods, reduced productivity lack of funds: less effective edu system -> lower skilled workforce Uganda - slowed by 1.2% each year due to hiv/aids - 2008 study by Ugandas Ministry of Finance. if countinues, reduced by up to 39% by 2025 lower econ growth. businesses less likely to invest (not enough infra, not enough skilled workers, poor health) deters foreign investment

Answer 85

1. resistance to anti malarial drugs incr: incomplete/counterfiet doses given, surviving malaria parasites build resistance : migrant workers from india had resistant malaria parasites while in thailand, returned to india, existing treatment became ineffective 2. climate change: higher temps, more favourable breeding sites at higher altitudes : changed annual temps in the Central Highlands region of Kenya - malaria at higher altitudes, additional 4mil ppl at risk 3. air travel: disease-causing organisms can be transported to new areas. in 1995, malaria reported in southern france, areas not endemic, ppl who did not travel or get blood transfusions 4. insecticide-resistant mosquitoes: WHO, resistanec has been de

Answer 86

1. resistance to anti malarial drugs incr: incomplete/counterfiet doses given, surviving malaria parasites build resistance : migrant workers from india had resistant malaria parasites while in thailand, returned to india, existing treatment became ineffective 2. climate change: higher temps, more favourable breeding sites at higher altitudes : changed annual temps in the Central Highlands region of Kenya - malaria at higher altitudes, additional 4mil ppl at risk 3. air travel: disease-causing organisms can be transported to new areas. in 1995, malaria reported in southern france, areas not endemic, ppl who did not travel or get blood transfusions 4. insecticide-resistant mosquitoes: WHO, resistance has been detected in 64 countries. if worsens, puts 120k children under 5y in africa at risk

Answer 87

Malaria parasites can dev resistance to anti-malarial drugs (cause: incomplete treatment of infected person) 2009, resistance to anti-malarial drugs observed along Thai-Cambodian border

Answer 88

Pop. movement = movement of ppl across borders -> transmits to new places Border control = controlling flow of ppl, animals and goods cross borders Eg. Greater Mekong subregion in SEA : necessary to control spread of drug resistant malaria. Spread- uncontrolled migration and lack of coordination Travel advisories = official notices informing travellers of risks, issued by govt. L- cannot reach everyone

Answer 89

Incr temps - breed and mature faster rainfall - pools of stagnant water (breeding sites)

Answer 90

Bring high rainfall during wet season Urban areas of India: heavy rains = long lasting pools of stagnant water. Breed -> mature, spread to urban pop

Answer 91

No visible signs of disease. Infected may continue as usual, infecting others. Ppl w limited access to hc -> difficulty obtaining testing WHO 2004-2009 survey: Congo, only 35.2% of women with hiv knew they had it before the test, the rest unaware

Answer 92

Eg being sexually active at a young age, having many sexual partners, using injection drugs Culture often influences lifestyle choices. Traditions, values and beliefs may cause ppl to cont with risk taking behaviour Zambia and Kenya- some tribes still practise polygamy (having more than one wife) testing before marriage not practiced

Answer 93

Ppl stay away from being tested and receiving treatment. May infect their partners because remain silent about it. Often causes ppl not to stay on track with antiretroviral therapy Health professionals may also discriminate, believing treatment a waste Stigma remains a challenge throughout the world even in DCs such as USA. 2008 report by UNAIDS est 28% Americans prefer not to work closely w a woman infected w it

Answer 94

Treatment can control disease, improve qol, reduce transmission risk Treatment still costly and unaffordable to many. May become cheaper but remain unaffordable due to other costs eg transport Botswana - 25% adult pop have HIV/AIDS, major reason ppl stop visiting and taking meds: long wait time at clinics (4-12h)

Answer 95

Some pops higher mobility eg truck drivers: place to place, long time away from fam - prone to risk taking behaviour Poot seeking company of commercial sex workers The Kinshasa Highway (links Uganda and Kenya) known as AIDS highway- high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among sex workers along the road

Answer 96

(D) What can they do Awareness of what these diseases are and conditions that contribute to their spread. Exercise social responsibility: constantly aware of unsanitary conditions. Indivs can take measures against Refraining from participating in risk taking behaviours, obtaining up to date and timely vaccination, following travel advisories (Ex) Specific examples with details Being aware about hand foot mouth disease outbreaks in a community could make indivs more mindful about hygiene. May become more aware of ways disease transmitted A spray, protective clothing, insecticide treated nets can be used to reduce contact w mosquitoes —> potential breeding sites identified and removed (A) Strengths / how the strategies can help overcome the spread of infectious diseases (L) Limitations in managing the spread of infectious diseases

Answer 97

(D) What can they do Communities play impt role as strategies need to be implemented to address issues specific to the community or area. Comms can: intro potential control strats, deciding when where and who for strats, engaging health workers to train and monitor comm. ppl more receptive to comm (Ex) Specific examples with details Sierra Leone - (CLTS) community led total sanitation. Methods to rapidly incr sustainable sustainable coverage nationwide. Remove practice of open defecation thru raising awareness. Go house to house digging toilets for households (A) Strengths / how the strategies can help overcome the spread of infectious diseases Implementation of CLTs extended to NGO and district health management teams. As of June 2009, 754 comms have been involved. Improvement in sanitation —> decr incidences of diarrhoea (L) Limitations in managing the spread of infectious diseases CLTS works best in rural areas when pop density is low, less successful in urban —> ongoing migration and lack of space for toilets

Answer 98

Thailand- thermal fogging. Involves distribution of insecticides by using fog prod by heat. malaria control programme, therms fogging applied during outbreaks and in uncontrolled transmission areas. Applied once a week for 4 consecutive weeks kills adult mosquitoes outdoors expensive, must be regular basis to be effective Thick fog = reduced visibility, traffic hazard

Answer 99

Singapore- control measures during SARS 2003 detecting and isolating infected in dedicated hospital, dedicated private ambulance. Closely monitored health of staff, restricting visitors. Potential patients home quarantined by law. prompt Govt intervention following early detection WHO medical officials praised SGs handling and prompt and open reporting of cases. Encouraged other countries to learn from sgs handling of outbreak. Said stringent measures taken contained spread some patients had symptoms not commonly associated with SARS. Some did not show signs until much later. —> infected ppl they came in contact with —> detection difficult, harder to contain

Answer 100

(D) What can they do Great influence, wide variety of groups operating across countries, incl WHO, the World Bank, UNAIDS and other NGOs (Ex) Specific examples with details WHO: Directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) 1993-2011 for tuberculosis. Five components: Political commitment - incr and sustained funding Case detection thru quality assured biological science Standardised treatment with supervision and patient support An effective drug supply and management system Monitoring, evaluation and impact measurement system (A) Strengths / how the strategies can help overcome the spread of infectious diseases Total number of countries implementing incr steadily since 1995, approaching limit at 183 in 2004. Global treatment success rate high since 1994, 77% successfully treated. Remained above 80% since 1998. (L) Limitations in managing the spread of infectious diseases Implementation of DOTS programmes in 1990s, targets not met by 2000, target year deferred to 2005. Three main obstacles : lack of laboratory skills and infra to set up good labs, lack of funding, lack of qualified staff. Factors affecting likelihood of treatment success: severity of disease, drug resistance, malnutrition, support to patient to ensure they complete treatment.

Answer 101

D: non profit group organised on a local, national or international level. Perform variety of services and humanitarian functions. Ex: International HIV/AIDS Alliance (IHAA): alliance of nationally based, independent, civil society orgs. Responses to HIV epidemic: incr access to HIV/health programmes; advocating for HIV, health and human rights. A: indiv countries take up more ownership in implementation. Measurable goals for the whole alliance- orgs that work with it use this strat plus their own national plans to shape future Strats L: success depends on will of gifts to better target their resources and work with civil society in their national HIV responses. Not all countries have the funds- depends on goodwill of other countries / int orgs to provide funds