Bio 2 Flashcards
What channels blood from heart to heart muscles?
Aorta
How do you know if a part is filling or emptying of blood?
Open/closed valves
Difference between tricuspid valve and semi lunar valve
Tri has chordae tendineae (attaches valve to ventricular wall)
When identifying labelled shit
Singular
Eg mitochondrion not mitochondria
Structural diff between lower epithelium and guard cells
GC has chloroplasts unlike LE
GC has thicker cell wall
Advantages of wilting
Leaves fold up
Reduce SA exposed
Photosynthesis decreases
WP decreases
Water mols diffuse out of guard cell osmosis, become flaccid
Stomata closes
Reduces transpiration rate
Prevents excessive water loss
Beans
Lotta protein
How does oxygen help uptake of substances eg. Metals
Low oxy Low uptake
Mode of uptake diffusion
High oxy high uptake
Oxygen used by root hair cells during aerobic respiration to release energy
Energy used for active trans against conc gradient
Cell under microscope, shit ton of lines like IIIIIIIIII in varying length
Golgi apparatus
Loss of latent heat of ——
Vaporisation (from evap of water in sweat)
Procedure for nutrient tests x4
Reducing sugars: 2cm3 Benedict’s sol, 2cm3 sample. Shake and heat.
Starch: iodine: 2cm3 + few drops
Fats: ethanol emulsion: 2cm3 ethanol + 2cm3 sample - white emulsion, 2 inmiscible layers
Proteins: biuret: 2cm3 + 2cm3
Lock and key hypothesis
Specific 3D shape w active site
Only substrate (key) can fit in active site (lock) cause complementary
Transport and storage format of glucose in plants
Sucrose
Starch
Structure and role of villus (capillaries and lacteals)
- folds, villi, microvilli
- thin walls (one cell)
- dense network of caps -> quick transport away -> maintain conc g (glu and aa) (active trans)
- lacteal: Transports fats (in epithelium: fatty a and gly combine into fat globule)
Roles of liver 5
- carb metabolism
- fat digestion
- breakdown of rbcs
- metabolism of AA and formation of urea (deamination)
- breakdown of alcohol (detox)
Effects of too much alcohol (mates pissed)
- reduced self control
- depressant
- reduced reaction times
- damage to liver
- social implications
Equation for photosynthesis
Co2 + water -light and chlorophyll-> glucose + o2
Ways water transported to leaves 3
- root pressure: constant entry in roots
- capillary action: forces of attraction between walls and water, water and water
- transpirational pull: suction force moving columns of water up xylem
Define transpiration
Def: exhalation of water vapour out of stomata
(Consequence of gas exchange in plants)
Translocation
Transport of food in the phloem tissue (sucrose/aa) bidirectional
Translocation study
Long tubular mouth (proboscis) of aphid cut open, fluid out is sucrose and aa
What’s with plasma
- transport rbcs, ions, sol. food sub. , hormones, co2, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins
Structure of artery
Thick muscular walls, prevent rupture during blood influx
Small lumen
Structure of vein
Thin walls less elastic tissue : lower bp
Large lumen
Valves present prevent backflow
Structure of capillaries
May exchange between blood and tissue
Large network = SA:vol
Endothelium: single layer of flattened cells for water permeability
Transfer of mats between capillaries and tissue fluid
Colourless fluid in between cells
Useful mats -> caps -> tissue fluid -> cells
Waste -> tissue -> cap walls -> blood -> excretory organs
Coronary heart disease
- occlusion of coronary arteries
- causes: diet, stress, smoking
- preventive measures: physical activity, smoke less, drink less
Process of removal of co2 from lungs
Co2 reacts with water to (carbonic anhydrase) carbonic acid
Converted to hydrogen carbonate ions
Reverted in lungs, diffuse out capillaries into alveoli and out
Role of cilia in resp
In trachea with gland cells, sweep foreign particles and dust, keep out of lungs
Effects of tobacco smoke
Nicotine: risk of blood clot = risk of coronary disease
Tar: carcinogenic, paralyses cilia = Lung cancer
Carbon monoxide: carboxyhemoglobin
Equation for aerobic resp
Glucose + oxygen -> co2 + water + energy
Equation for anaerobic resp
Glucose -> lactic + small amt of energy
Yeast: glucose -> ethanol + co2 + small amt of energy
Lactic acid in muscles n stuff
Energy req more than aerobic
Lactic acid acc -> fatigue and pain
Insufficient o2 -> o2 debt
Lactic acid removed transported to liver, oxidised to release energy, converted to glucose
Define excretion
Process where metabolic waste and toxic products removed after undergoing Chem processes
Ultrafiltration pressure
Req high hydro stick pressure
Afferent arteriole wider than efferent arteriole so pressure pushes blood plasma out glomerular caps into bowman’s capsule THEN basement mem
Corrective mechanisms when cold af
- shivering
- hair erector contract
- arterioles constrict, shunt dilate (less blood flow)
- less sweat
- higher rate of metabolic activity
Lowers heat loss via conduction convection radiation
And latent heat of vaporisation from water in sweat
Purpose of nervous system
Serves to coordinate and regulate bodily functions
Hormone def
Chemical substance prod by a endocrine gland carried by bloodstream altering activity of one or more target orange s, destroyed by liver
What is endocrine gland
Into bloodstream
Ductless
Effects of adrenaline (some)
- higher blood pressure and heartbeat rate
- higher metabolic rate
- more blood glucose
- higher rate and depth of ventilation
- pupils dilate
- constricts skin arterioles
What does insulin do
Insulin
- cell surface more permeable to glucose
- stimulated liver and muscle cells: excess glucose to glycogen
Growth of pollen tube into ovule 7
- Pollen grain germinates cause sugary fluid from mature stigma
- Pollen grain nucleus causes pollen tube to grow out of grain
- Male gamete enters ptube
- Ptube secrets enzymes that digest stigma and style tissues
- Pollen tube grows down style to ovary
- Enters thru micropyle
- Reaches ovule, absorbs sap, tip bursts
Why need genetically id cells
- ensure all d cells are genetically stable
- error: new strand diff - gene mutation (eg. Uncontrollable division- cancer)
Homologous chromosomes def
Pairs, identical shapes sizes, lengths
One from male one from female parents
Same sequence of gene loci
Define haploid and diploid
Single set of chromosomes, 23
Two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, 46
R/s between dna, genes, chromosomes
Gene: part of dna, sequence of nucleotides, codes for 1 polypeptide
Dna: polynucleotides, 2 strands in double helix
Chromosomes: dna threads coil around protein -> chromatin threads (condense and coil) -> chromosomes
Social and ethical implications of genetic engineering
Affordable drugs/medicine like human insulin
Improved nutritional quality of food
Social = lead to class distinctions and religious disputes
Health = genes for antibiotic resistance may cause human diseases
Environmental = GE crops may produce toxins that are harmful to insects
Mutation def
A change in structure of gene or in chromosome number
Examples of enviro factors that are forces of natural selection
Environmental pressures: Predation, disease, food shortage??
Describe non cylical nature of energy flow
- sun main source
- light e to Chem e via psis
- e from level to another via feeding
- lost via heat uneaten parts dead bodies excretion
Decomposer in food chains
- obtain e by breaking down dead orgs, faeces, excretory products
- release inorganic nutrients eg carbon and nitrogen
How carbon is cycled
Removed: photosynthesis
Released: resp, combustion, decomp
Structure of eye
Producing near and far objects in eye
Pupil reflex bright and dim light
