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TSHALTAIAGFFA.IIAO.NCBDTCI.IIASOLAL,BAB,CAS,ATDOD.IIASOTBLBOBAOW.IITSOTEOAE.TSTAS-TTAHSLAASFATWCDTTNTD,IIAHRN.RH.IIHAYRTW.TIHTFMCTAC.CATHCATYOP.TINJTEOAR,NIFOCI.TITTOTJ.TESN. > Bio 2 > Flashcards

Bio 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What channels blood from heart to heart muscles?

A

Aorta

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2
Q

How do you know if a part is filling or emptying of blood?

A

Open/closed valves

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3
Q

Difference between tricuspid valve and semi lunar valve

A

Tri has chordae tendineae (attaches valve to ventricular wall)

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4
Q

When identifying labelled shit

A

Singular

Eg mitochondrion not mitochondria

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5
Q

Structural diff between lower epithelium and guard cells

A

GC has chloroplasts unlike LE
GC has thicker cell wall

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6
Q

Advantages of wilting

A

Leaves fold up
Reduce SA exposed
Photosynthesis decreases
WP decreases
Water mols diffuse out of guard cell osmosis, become flaccid
Stomata closes
Reduces transpiration rate
Prevents excessive water loss

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7
Q

Beans

A

Lotta protein

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8
Q

How does oxygen help uptake of substances eg. Metals

A

Low oxy Low uptake
Mode of uptake diffusion
High oxy high uptake
Oxygen used by root hair cells during aerobic respiration to release energy
Energy used for active trans against conc gradient

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9
Q

Cell under microscope, shit ton of lines like IIIIIIIIII in varying length

A

Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

Loss of latent heat of ——

A

Vaporisation (from evap of water in sweat)

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11
Q

Procedure for nutrient tests x4

A

Reducing sugars: 2cm3 Benedict’s sol, 2cm3 sample. Shake and heat.
Starch: iodine: 2cm3 + few drops
Fats: ethanol emulsion: 2cm3 ethanol + 2cm3 sample - white emulsion, 2 inmiscible layers
Proteins: biuret: 2cm3 + 2cm3

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12
Q

Lock and key hypothesis

A

Specific 3D shape w active site
Only substrate (key) can fit in active site (lock) cause complementary

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13
Q

Transport and storage format of glucose in plants

A

Sucrose
Starch

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14
Q

Structure and role of villus (capillaries and lacteals)

A
  • folds, villi, microvilli
  • thin walls (one cell)
  • dense network of caps -> quick transport away -> maintain conc g (glu and aa) (active trans)
  • lacteal: Transports fats (in epithelium: fatty a and gly combine into fat globule)
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15
Q

Roles of liver 5

A
  • carb metabolism
  • fat digestion
  • breakdown of rbcs
  • metabolism of AA and formation of urea (deamination)
  • breakdown of alcohol (detox)
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16
Q

Effects of too much alcohol (mates pissed)

A
  • reduced self control
  • depressant
  • reduced reaction times
  • damage to liver
  • social implications
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17
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

Co2 + water -light and chlorophyll-> glucose + o2

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18
Q

Ways water transported to leaves 3

A
  • root pressure: constant entry in roots
  • capillary action: forces of attraction between walls and water, water and water
  • transpirational pull: suction force moving columns of water up xylem
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19
Q

Define transpiration

A

Def: exhalation of water vapour out of stomata
(Consequence of gas exchange in plants)

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20
Q

Translocation

A

Transport of food in the phloem tissue (sucrose/aa) bidirectional

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21
Q

Translocation study

A

Long tubular mouth (proboscis) of aphid cut open, fluid out is sucrose and aa

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22
Q

What’s with plasma

A
  • transport rbcs, ions, sol. food sub. , hormones, co2, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins
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23
Q

Structure of artery

A

Thick muscular walls, prevent rupture during blood influx
Small lumen

24
Q

Structure of vein

A

Thin walls less elastic tissue : lower bp
Large lumen
Valves present prevent backflow

25
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

May exchange between blood and tissue
Large network = SA:vol
Endothelium: single layer of flattened cells for water permeability

26
Q

Transfer of mats between capillaries and tissue fluid

A

Colourless fluid in between cells
Useful mats -> caps -> tissue fluid -> cells
Waste -> tissue -> cap walls -> blood -> excretory organs

27
Q

Coronary heart disease

A
  • occlusion of coronary arteries
  • causes: diet, stress, smoking
  • preventive measures: physical activity, smoke less, drink less
28
Q

Process of removal of co2 from lungs

A

Co2 reacts with water to (carbonic anhydrase) carbonic acid
Converted to hydrogen carbonate ions
Reverted in lungs, diffuse out capillaries into alveoli and out

29
Q

Role of cilia in resp

A

In trachea with gland cells, sweep foreign particles and dust, keep out of lungs

30
Q

Effects of tobacco smoke

A

Nicotine: risk of blood clot = risk of coronary disease
Tar: carcinogenic, paralyses cilia = Lung cancer
Carbon monoxide: carboxyhemoglobin

31
Q

Equation for aerobic resp

A

Glucose + oxygen -> co2 + water + energy

32
Q

Equation for anaerobic resp

A

Glucose -> lactic + small amt of energy
Yeast: glucose -> ethanol + co2 + small amt of energy

33
Q

Lactic acid in muscles n stuff

A

Energy req more than aerobic
Lactic acid acc -> fatigue and pain
Insufficient o2 -> o2 debt
Lactic acid removed transported to liver, oxidised to release energy, converted to glucose

34
Q

Define excretion

A

Process where metabolic waste and toxic products removed after undergoing Chem processes

35
Q

Ultrafiltration pressure

A

Req high hydro stick pressure
Afferent arteriole wider than efferent arteriole so pressure pushes blood plasma out glomerular caps into bowman’s capsule THEN basement mem

36
Q

Corrective mechanisms when cold af

A
  • shivering
  • hair erector contract
  • arterioles constrict, shunt dilate (less blood flow)
  • less sweat
  • higher rate of metabolic activity

Lowers heat loss via conduction convection radiation
And latent heat of vaporisation from water in sweat

37
Q

Purpose of nervous system

A

Serves to coordinate and regulate bodily functions

38
Q

Hormone def

A

Chemical substance prod by a endocrine gland carried by bloodstream altering activity of one or more target orange s, destroyed by liver

39
Q

What is endocrine gland

A

Into bloodstream
Ductless

40
Q

Effects of adrenaline (some)

A
  • higher blood pressure and heartbeat rate
  • higher metabolic rate
  • more blood glucose
  • higher rate and depth of ventilation
  • pupils dilate
  • constricts skin arterioles
41
Q

What does insulin do

A

Insulin
- cell surface more permeable to glucose
- stimulated liver and muscle cells: excess glucose to glycogen

42
Q

Growth of pollen tube into ovule 7

A
  1. Pollen grain germinates cause sugary fluid from mature stigma
  2. Pollen grain nucleus causes pollen tube to grow out of grain
  3. Male gamete enters ptube
  4. Ptube secrets enzymes that digest stigma and style tissues
  5. Pollen tube grows down style to ovary
  6. Enters thru micropyle
  7. Reaches ovule, absorbs sap, tip bursts
43
Q

Why need genetically id cells

A
  • ensure all d cells are genetically stable
  • error: new strand diff - gene mutation (eg. Uncontrollable division- cancer)
44
Q

Homologous chromosomes def

A

Pairs, identical shapes sizes, lengths
One from male one from female parents
Same sequence of gene loci

45
Q

Define haploid and diploid

A

Single set of chromosomes, 23
Two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, 46

46
Q

R/s between dna, genes, chromosomes

A

Gene: part of dna, sequence of nucleotides, codes for 1 polypeptide
Dna: polynucleotides, 2 strands in double helix
Chromosomes: dna threads coil around protein -> chromatin threads (condense and coil) -> chromosomes

47
Q

Social and ethical implications of genetic engineering

A

Affordable drugs/medicine like human insulin
Improved nutritional quality of food

Social = lead to class distinctions and religious disputes
Health = genes for antibiotic resistance may cause human diseases
Environmental = GE crops may produce toxins that are harmful to insects

48
Q

Mutation def

A

A change in structure of gene or in chromosome number

49
Q

Examples of enviro factors that are forces of natural selection

A

Environmental pressures: Predation, disease, food shortage??

50
Q

Describe non cylical nature of energy flow

A
  • sun main source
  • light e to Chem e via psis
  • e from level to another via feeding
  • lost via heat uneaten parts dead bodies excretion
51
Q

Decomposer in food chains

A
  • obtain e by breaking down dead orgs, faeces, excretory products
  • release inorganic nutrients eg carbon and nitrogen
52
Q

How carbon is cycled

A

Removed: photosynthesis
Released: resp, combustion, decomp

53
Q

Structure of eye

A
54
Q

Producing near and far objects in eye

A
55
Q

Pupil reflex bright and dim light

A

TSHALTAIAGFFA.IIAO.NCBDTCI.IIASOLAL,BAB,CAS,ATDOD.IIASOTBLBOBAOW.IITSOTEOAE.TSTAS-TTAHSLAASFATWCDTTNTD,IIAHRN.RH.IIHAYRTW.TIHTFMCTAC.CATHCATYOP.TINJTEOAR,NIFOCI.TITTOTJ.TESN. (28 decks)

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