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TSHALTAIAGFFA.IIAO.NCBDTCI.IIASOLAL,BAB,CAS,ATDOD.IIASOTBLBOBAOW.IITSOTEOAE.TSTAS-TTAHSLAASFATWCDTTNTD,IIAHRN.RH.IIHAYRTW.TIHTFMCTAC.CATHCATYOP.TINJTEOAR,NIFOCI.TITTOTJ.TESN. > Bio Excretion In Humans And Respiration > Flashcards

Bio Excretion In Humans And Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of chem reactions in living cells

A

Anabolic
Simple molecules to complex ones
Eg. Deamination and respiration (oxidaton of glucose)

Catabolic
Complex molecules to simple ones
Eg, photosyntesis, glycogen from glucose

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2
Q

What is metabolism

A

Refers to sum of anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body of an organism

These produce waste products, harmful when accumulate -> need for removal

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3
Q

What is excretion

A

It is the process by which metabolic waste products and toxic substances are removed from the body of an organism.

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4
Q

Excretory organs lungs

A

Product: CO2

Mode of excretion: Gas in expired air

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5
Q

Excretory organs kidneys and skin

A

Products: excess mineral salts and nitrogenous waste products

  • mainly urea (protein deamination)
  • uric acid (nucleic acid breakdown)
  • creatinine (muscle protein breakdown)

Mode of excretion:
Kidneys- constituent of urine
Skin- constituent of sweat (small amt for nitrogenous waste products)

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6
Q

Excretory organs kidney skin lungs

A 
Product: Water 
Mode of excretion: 
Kidney- main constituent of urine 
Skin- main constituent of sweat 
Lungs- water vapour in expired air
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7
Q

Excretory organs Liver

A

Product: bile pigments (from haemoglobin breakdown)

Mode of excretion: constituent of faeces via intestines

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8
Q

Human urniary system parts 6

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • hilus:
  • sphincter muscle
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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9
Q

Human urniary system parts: kidneys

A

Organs where urine is produced

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10
Q

Human urniary system parts: ureters

A

Connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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11
Q

Human urniary system parts: sphincter muscle

A

Located at bottom of urinary bladder

Controls urination

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12
Q

Human urniary system parts: hilus

A

Concave depression where (renal artery, renal vein and nerves)(blood vessels) are connected to the kidney

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13
Q

Human urniary system parts: urinary bladder

A

Elastic muscular bag that temporarily stores urine

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14
Q

Human urniary system parts: urethra

A

Duct that urine passes from urinary bladder out the body

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15
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts 6

A
  • Fibrous capsule
  • Cortex
  • medulla
  • renal pyramid
  • kidney tubule
  • renal pelvis
    (Urether -> bladder -> urethra)
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16
Q

Visualse the human urinary system rn

A 
Kidney(          Hilus)Kidney
    || Urethers          ||
      Urinary bladder
         [.                 ]
              >.
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17
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts: fibrous capsule

A

A layer over the kidney yea idk what it does

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18
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts: cortex

A

Outer dark region, covered and prot by fiborous capsule

(( here (medulla(

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19
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts: medulla

A

Inner pale red region
Contains the renal pyramids

((Cortex( here(

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20
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts: renal pyramid

A

Conical structure located in the medulla
Radial stripes on it indicate kidney tubules/nephrons

((cortex( medulla
^ in here

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21
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts: kidney tubule (nephron)

A

Site of urine formation
(Rich supply of blood vessels)

((Cortex( med(renal pyramid)ulla(
^ in here

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22
Q

Structure of a kidney tubule (nephron) 5

A
  • bowsman’s capsule
  • proximal convuluted tubule
  • loop of Henlé
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct (several nephrons)
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23
Q

Visualise Structure of a kidney tubule/ nephron

A

(_____) bowmans capsule
((. ((==||
)). )). || collecting duct
(( ||. _____________________
||pct || dct. Medulla
||. ||
——- loop of henlé

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24
Q

Blood circulation at kidney tubule/ nephron 6 steps

A
  1. Blood enters K via renal artery
  2. Renal artery into many arterioles
  3. Each arteriole into mass of blood caps: glomerulus
  4. Blood leaves glomerulus to blood caps surrounding Ktubule
  5. Blood caps into venules, into branch of renal vein
  6. Blood exits K via renal vein
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25
Two main processes for urine formation and where
- ultrafiltration (renal corpuscle: bowmans capsule and glomerulus) - selective reabsorption (at renal tubule)
26
Ultrafiltration is a PASSIVE process that requires: 2
1. High (hydrostatic) blood pressure at glomerulus | 2. Filter- basement membrane around glomerular blood capillaries
27
Ultrafiltration: high (hydrostatic) blood pressure
- created by afferent arteriole (blood to) being wider than efferent arteriole (blood away) - this forces most blood plasma out glomerular blood caps into bowmans capsules
28
Ultrafiltration: the filter - basement membrane
- partially permeable basement membrane acts as a filter - small molc like water glucose AA min salts and nutrogenous waste prod can pass -> filtrate in bowmans capsule - large molc like proteins rbc wbc platelets are retained
29
What is selective reabsorption
It is the reabsorption of useful substances from the filtrate as the filtrate passes thru kidney tubule/ nephron
30
Selective reabsorption steps 4
1. At pct most min salts, glucose, aa are reabsorbed thru walls to surrounding blood cap -> diffusion, active trans. Water -> osmosis 2. Loop of henlé : water 3. Dct : water and min salts 4. Collecting duct : water Remaining fluid passes out into renal pelvis to form urine
31
What does urine contain 3/5
Ecess water Excess salts Metabolic waste products eg. Urea, uric acid, creatinine
32
Factors affecting composition of urine
``` - protein rich diet More urea - excess aa deaminated in liver - more liquids/ water foods ^ water potential - larger vol - high intake of salty food ^ Excess salts - ppl with diabetes ^ large amts glucose ```
33
How does person with diabetes has high conc of glucose in urine
- unable to store excess glucose as glycogen - high conc of glucose in blood - glucose filtered out of glomerulus as filtrate during ultraflitration - nephrons unable to reabsorb glucose fast enough (SA)
34
Osmoregulation
Control of water and solite conc in blood, maintain constant water potential Changes detected by hypothalamus ADH prod by hypothalamus in brain -> pituitary gland -> ^ permeability of collecting ducts to water
35
What is ADH
Anti - diuretic hormone
36
Osmoregulation basis (homeostasis)
Stimulus > receptor > corective mechanism > effects of corrective mechanism > effects of effects of corrective mechanism > condition increases > normal condition
37
How does water potential relate to blood pressure
Blood vol ^ (contr. By removing excess salts and water), blood pressure ^ HBP-> blood vessels burst, stroke
38
Why are kidneys important?
- excretory organs (metabolic waste products) | - osmoregulators (wayer and solute conc -> water potential)
39
Steps for a dislysis machine 4
1. Blood drawn from vein and pumped thru tubing in DM 2. Tubing bathrd in dialysis fluid 3. Walls of tubing are partially permeable - small molc out, large molc remain 4. Filtered blood returned to arm
40
Features of dialysis fluid 2
- same conc of substances as healthy blood : stuff doesnt diffuse out into tubing, if lack it goes in - no metabolic waste products : conc gradient, waste prod diffuse out & be removed
41
Features of dialysis machine 2
- Tubing is narrow long and coiled : ^SA to VR | - direction of blood flow opposite to flow of dialysis fluid : maintains steep conc gradient
42
Mechanism of breathing 4
1. Increase in thoraic cavity 2. Drop in pressure in lungs 3. Pressure inside lower than atmospheric pressure 4. Pressure diff. FORCES air into lungs
43
Aerobic respiration
Glucose broken down in presence of oxygen to RELEASE energy By products are co2 and water Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + learge amount of energy
44
Anaerobic respiration
Breakdown of glucose w/o o2 bur releases less energy eg, yeast = glucose -> ethanol + co2 + small amt of energy
45
Repsiration: during excercise 8
- Aerobic resp happens first : energy for muscular contractions - ^ rate of breathing, ^o2 intake rate , ^ heart rate = glucose to muscles faster - aerobic respiration not enough, anaerobic respiration to release E - lactic acid conc in muscles = muscular fatigue + pain - insufficient o2 = oxygen debt in muscles = need rest to recover - rest = ^ breathing rate = sufficient o2 to repay debt - lactic acid to liver, oxidised to energy, lactic acid to glucose - lactic acid used up = o2 debt repaid, gluocse to muscles
46
Respiration vs photosynthesis 6
Respiration | photosynthesis - Energy released| E stored in carbs - O2 used, co2 and h2o released | opp. - At all times | only w sunlight & chlorophyll - Catabolic: breakdown | anabolic: buildup - loss of dry mass | gain in dry mass - exothermic | endothermic
47
Flow of air 7
Nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
48
Nasal cavity
Fringe of hair and the mucous lauer on walls : trap dust | Air passes thru: warmed and moistened, harmful chems detected by sensory cells in mucous membrane
49
Trachea
Supported by Cshaped rings of cartilage Epithilium of trachea and bronchi - 2 types of cells -> gland cells secrete mucus, trap dust -> cillated cells = hair like structure (cillia) sweep trapped particles into pharynx
50
Bronchi and bronchioles
Trachea divides into 2 tubes called bronchi -> numerous bronchioles -> cluster of aveoli
51
Alveoli
Air sacs, site of gaseous exchange O2 enter blood via diffusion Conc gradient of o2 maintained as ^ conc of alveolar air than blood, less co2 in alveolar for it to leave
52
Adaptation of alveoli
Numerous alveoli to ^SAtoVR Alveolar&capillary wall: 1 cell thick = ^ rate of diffusion (short dist) Inner alveolar surface coated with thin film of moisture = o2 dissolves
53
How is o2 transported
Binding to haemoglobin into oxyhaemoglobin (reversible)
54
How is co2 transported 4
1 Co2 cells from respiring cells to rbc 2 Co2 and h2o in rbc -> carbonic acid (enzyme carbonic anhydrase) 3 Carbonic acid to hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out rbc 4 Most co2 carried as hydrogencarbonate All reversed in lungs Co2 out capillaries into alveoli, expelled when breathe out
55
Inhalation
Diaphragem contracts + flattens Relax Internal intercostal Contract External intercostal Vol of thoriac cavity up Air pressure in lungs down Pressure ^ than atmos pressure Air to environment (Exhalation: opposite-ish)
56
Exhalation
Diaphragm relax + arch up External intercostal Relax Internal intercostal Contract Vol of thoriac cavity down Air pressure in lungs up Pressure less than atmos pressure Environment forced to lungs
57
Inspired vs expired air
Inspired: ^o2, less co2, not saturated, varited temp Expired: less o2, ^co2, saturated, body temp
58
Compontents of tobacco smoke 4
Nicotine Carbon monoxide Tar Irritants
59
Tobacco smoke effects: nicotine
Addictive | Releases adrenaline = blood clot easily, ^ risk of blood clot = risk of coronary heart disease
60
Tobacco smoke effects: carbon monoxide
Combines forming carboxyhaemoglobin (very strong bonds) = less ability to carry oxygen, narrows lumen of arteries, ^ bp, ^ risk of coronary heart disease
61
Tobacco smoke effects: tar
Carcinogenic (causes cancer) and causes uncontrolled cell division Paralyses cillia lining aire passages ^ risk of lung cancer, dust in mucus cannot be removed = ^risk of bronchitis and emphysema
62
Tobacco smoke effects: irritants
Paralyse cilia lining air passages, consists of hudrongen cyanide -> tar risks w/o cancer
63
Respiratory diseases 3
Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Lung cancer
64
Repiratory diseases chronic bronchitis
epethilium lining blocked, excessive mucus prod, paralysed cilia lining =/= remove dust. Breathing diffc. as blocked airways + cough = lung infection
65
Respiratory diseases Emphysema
Partition walls of alveoli break down the to violent cough from bronchitis = less SAtoVR + lungs lose elasticity = cannot expand fully Breathing diffculties, wheezing, severe breathlessness
66
Respiratory diseases lung cancer
Uncontrolled cell division -> lumps of tissue | Smoking = risk of mouth throat pancreas kidney urinary bladder cancer

TSHALTAIAGFFA.IIAO.NCBDTCI.IIASOLAL,BAB,CAS,ATDOD.IIASOTBLBOBAOW.IITSOTEOAE.TSTAS-TTAHSLAASFATWCDTTNTD,IIAHRN.RH.IIHAYRTW.TIHTFMCTAC.CATHCATYOP.TINJTEOAR,NIFOCI.TITTOTJ.TESN. (28 decks)

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