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TSHALTAIAGFFA.IIAO.NCBDTCI.IIASOLAL,BAB,CAS,ATDOD.IIASOTBLBOBAOW.IITSOTEOAE.TSTAS-TTAHSLAASFATWCDTTNTD,IIAHRN.RH.IIHAYRTW.TIHTFMCTAC.CATHCATYOP.TINJTEOAR,NIFOCI.TITTOTJ.TESN. > Bio Excretion In Humans And Respiration > Flashcards

Bio Excretion In Humans And Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of chem reactions in living cells

A

Anabolic
Simple molecules to complex ones
Eg. Deamination and respiration (oxidaton of glucose)

Catabolic
Complex molecules to simple ones
Eg, photosyntesis, glycogen from glucose

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2
Q

What is metabolism

A

Refers to sum of anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body of an organism

These produce waste products, harmful when accumulate -> need for removal

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3
Q

What is excretion

A

It is the process by which metabolic waste products and toxic substances are removed from the body of an organism.

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4
Q

Excretory organs lungs

A

Product: CO2

Mode of excretion: Gas in expired air

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5
Q

Excretory organs kidneys and skin

A

Products: excess mineral salts and nitrogenous waste products

  • mainly urea (protein deamination)
  • uric acid (nucleic acid breakdown)
  • creatinine (muscle protein breakdown)

Mode of excretion:
Kidneys- constituent of urine
Skin- constituent of sweat (small amt for nitrogenous waste products)

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6
Q

Excretory organs kidney skin lungs

A 
Product: Water 
Mode of excretion: 
Kidney- main constituent of urine 
Skin- main constituent of sweat 
Lungs- water vapour in expired air
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7
Q

Excretory organs Liver

A

Product: bile pigments (from haemoglobin breakdown)

Mode of excretion: constituent of faeces via intestines

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8
Q

Human urniary system parts 6

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • hilus:
  • sphincter muscle
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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9
Q

Human urniary system parts: kidneys

A

Organs where urine is produced

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10
Q

Human urniary system parts: ureters

A

Connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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11
Q

Human urniary system parts: sphincter muscle

A

Located at bottom of urinary bladder

Controls urination

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12
Q

Human urniary system parts: hilus

A

Concave depression where (renal artery, renal vein and nerves)(blood vessels) are connected to the kidney

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13
Q

Human urniary system parts: urinary bladder

A

Elastic muscular bag that temporarily stores urine

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14
Q

Human urniary system parts: urethra

A

Duct that urine passes from urinary bladder out the body

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15
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts 6

A
  • Fibrous capsule
  • Cortex
  • medulla
  • renal pyramid
  • kidney tubule
  • renal pelvis
    (Urether -> bladder -> urethra)
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16
Q

Visualse the human urinary system rn

A 
Kidney(          Hilus)Kidney
    || Urethers          ||
      Urinary bladder
         [.                 ]
              >.
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17
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts: fibrous capsule

A

A layer over the kidney yea idk what it does

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18
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts: cortex

A

Outer dark region, covered and prot by fiborous capsule

(( here (medulla(

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19
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts: medulla

A

Inner pale red region
Contains the renal pyramids

((Cortex( here(

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20
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts: renal pyramid

A

Conical structure located in the medulla
Radial stripes on it indicate kidney tubules/nephrons

((cortex( medulla
^ in here

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21
Q

Structure of a human kidney parts: kidney tubule (nephron)

A

Site of urine formation
(Rich supply of blood vessels)

((Cortex( med(renal pyramid)ulla(
^ in here

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22
Q

Structure of a kidney tubule (nephron) 5

A
  • bowsman’s capsule
  • proximal convuluted tubule
  • loop of Henlé
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct (several nephrons)
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23
Q

Visualise Structure of a kidney tubule/ nephron

A

(_____) bowmans capsule
((. ((==||
)). )). || collecting duct
(( ||. _____________________
||pct || dct. Medulla
||. ||
——- loop of henlé

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24
Q

Blood circulation at kidney tubule/ nephron 6 steps

A
  1. Blood enters K via renal artery
  2. Renal artery into many arterioles
  3. Each arteriole into mass of blood caps: glomerulus
  4. Blood leaves glomerulus to blood caps surrounding Ktubule
  5. Blood caps into venules, into branch of renal vein
  6. Blood exits K via renal vein
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25
Q

Two main processes for urine formation and where

A
  • ultrafiltration (renal corpuscle: bowmans capsule and glomerulus)
  • selective reabsorption (at renal tubule)
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26
Q

Ultrafiltration is a PASSIVE process that requires: 2

A
  1. High (hydrostatic) blood pressure at glomerulus

2. Filter- basement membrane around glomerular blood capillaries

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27
Q

Ultrafiltration: high (hydrostatic) blood pressure

A
  • created by afferent arteriole (blood to) being wider than efferent arteriole (blood away)
  • this forces most blood plasma out glomerular blood caps into bowmans capsules
28
Q

Ultrafiltration: the filter - basement membrane

A
  • partially permeable basement membrane acts as a filter
  • small molc like water glucose AA min salts and nutrogenous waste prod can pass -> filtrate in bowmans capsule
  • large molc like proteins rbc wbc platelets are retained
29
Q

What is selective reabsorption

A

It is the reabsorption of useful substances from the filtrate as the filtrate passes thru kidney tubule/ nephron

30
Q

Selective reabsorption steps 4

A
  1. At pct most min salts, glucose, aa are reabsorbed thru walls to surrounding blood cap -> diffusion, active trans. Water -> osmosis
  2. Loop of henlé : water
  3. Dct : water and min salts
  4. Collecting duct : water

Remaining fluid passes out into renal pelvis to form urine

31
Q

What does urine contain 3/5

A

Ecess water
Excess salts
Metabolic waste products eg. Urea, uric acid, creatinine

32
Q

Factors affecting composition of urine

A 
- protein rich diet
More urea - excess aa deaminated in liver 
- more liquids/ water foods 
^ water potential - larger vol 
- high intake of salty food
^ Excess salts 
- ppl with diabetes 
^ large amts glucose
33
Q

How does person with diabetes has high conc of glucose in urine

A
  • unable to store excess glucose as glycogen
  • high conc of glucose in blood
  • glucose filtered out of glomerulus as filtrate during ultraflitration
  • nephrons unable to reabsorb glucose fast enough (SA)
34
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Control of water and solite conc in blood, maintain constant water potential

Changes detected by hypothalamus

ADH prod by hypothalamus in brain -> pituitary gland -> ^ permeability of collecting ducts to water

35
Q

What is ADH

A

Anti - diuretic hormone

36
Q

Osmoregulation basis (homeostasis)

A

Stimulus > receptor > corective mechanism > effects of corrective mechanism > effects of effects of corrective mechanism > condition increases > normal condition

37
Q

How does water potential relate to blood pressure

A

Blood vol ^ (contr. By removing excess salts and water), blood pressure ^
HBP-> blood vessels burst, stroke

38
Q

Why are kidneys important?

A
  • excretory organs (metabolic waste products)

- osmoregulators (wayer and solute conc -> water potential)

39
Q

Steps for a dislysis machine 4

A
  1. Blood drawn from vein and pumped thru tubing in DM
  2. Tubing bathrd in dialysis fluid
  3. Walls of tubing are partially permeable - small molc out, large molc remain
  4. Filtered blood returned to arm
40
Q

Features of dialysis fluid 2

A
  • same conc of substances as healthy blood : stuff doesnt diffuse out into tubing, if lack it goes in
  • no metabolic waste products : conc gradient, waste prod diffuse out & be removed
41
Q

Features of dialysis machine 2

A
  • Tubing is narrow long and coiled : ^SA to VR

- direction of blood flow opposite to flow of dialysis fluid : maintains steep conc gradient

42
Q

Mechanism of breathing 4

A
  1. Increase in thoraic cavity
  2. Drop in pressure in lungs
  3. Pressure inside lower than atmospheric pressure
  4. Pressure diff. FORCES air into lungs
43
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Glucose broken down in presence of oxygen to RELEASE energy
By products are co2 and water

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + learge amount of energy

44
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Breakdown of glucose w/o o2 bur releases less energy eg, yeast = glucose -> ethanol + co2 + small amt of energy

45
Q

Repsiration: during excercise 8

A
  • Aerobic resp happens first : energy for muscular contractions
  • ^ rate of breathing, ^o2 intake rate , ^ heart rate = glucose to muscles faster
  • aerobic respiration not enough, anaerobic respiration to release E
  • lactic acid conc in muscles = muscular fatigue + pain
  • insufficient o2 = oxygen debt in muscles = need rest to recover
  • rest = ^ breathing rate = sufficient o2 to repay debt
  • lactic acid to liver, oxidised to energy, lactic acid to glucose
  • lactic acid used up = o2 debt repaid, gluocse to muscles
46
Q

Respiration vs photosynthesis 6

A

Respiration | photosynthesis

  • Energy released| E stored in carbs
  • O2 used, co2 and h2o released | opp.
  • At all times | only w sunlight & chlorophyll
  • Catabolic: breakdown | anabolic: buildup
  • loss of dry mass | gain in dry mass
  • exothermic | endothermic
47
Q

Flow of air 7

A

Nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

48
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Fringe of hair and the mucous lauer on walls : trap dust

Air passes thru: warmed and moistened, harmful chems detected by sensory cells in mucous membrane

49
Q

Trachea

A

Supported by Cshaped rings of cartilage
Epithilium of trachea and bronchi - 2 types of cells
-> gland cells secrete mucus, trap dust
-> cillated cells = hair like structure (cillia) sweep trapped particles into pharynx

50
Q

Bronchi and bronchioles

A

Trachea divides into 2 tubes called bronchi -> numerous bronchioles -> cluster of aveoli

51
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs, site of gaseous exchange
O2 enter blood via diffusion
Conc gradient of o2 maintained as ^ conc of alveolar air than blood, less co2 in alveolar for it to leave

52
Q

Adaptation of alveoli

A

Numerous alveoli to ^SAtoVR
Alveolar&capillary wall: 1 cell thick = ^ rate of diffusion (short dist)
Inner alveolar surface coated with thin film of moisture = o2 dissolves

53
Q

How is o2 transported

A

Binding to haemoglobin into oxyhaemoglobin (reversible)

54
Q

How is co2 transported 4

A

1 Co2 cells from respiring cells to rbc
2 Co2 and h2o in rbc -> carbonic acid (enzyme carbonic anhydrase)
3 Carbonic acid to hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out rbc
4 Most co2 carried as hydrogencarbonate
All reversed in lungs
Co2 out capillaries into alveoli, expelled when breathe out

55
Q

Inhalation

A

Diaphragem contracts + flattens

Relax
Internal intercostal
Contract
External intercostal

Vol of thoriac cavity up
Air pressure in lungs down
Pressure ^ than atmos pressure
Air to environment

(Exhalation: opposite-ish)

56
Q

Exhalation

A

Diaphragm relax + arch up

External intercostal
Relax
Internal intercostal
Contract

Vol of thoriac cavity down
Air pressure in lungs up
Pressure less than atmos pressure
Environment forced to lungs

57
Q

Inspired vs expired air

A

Inspired: ^o2, less co2, not saturated, varited temp

Expired: less o2, ^co2, saturated, body temp

58
Q

Compontents of tobacco smoke 4

A

Nicotine
Carbon monoxide
Tar
Irritants

59
Q

Tobacco smoke effects: nicotine

A

Addictive

Releases adrenaline = blood clot easily, ^ risk of blood clot = risk of coronary heart disease

60
Q

Tobacco smoke effects: carbon monoxide

A

Combines forming carboxyhaemoglobin (very strong bonds) = less ability to carry oxygen, narrows lumen of arteries, ^ bp, ^ risk of coronary heart disease

61
Q

Tobacco smoke effects: tar

A

Carcinogenic (causes cancer) and causes uncontrolled cell division
Paralyses cillia lining aire passages

^ risk of lung cancer, dust in mucus cannot be removed = ^risk of bronchitis and emphysema

62
Q

Tobacco smoke effects: irritants

A

Paralyse cilia lining air passages, consists of hudrongen cyanide -> tar risks w/o cancer

63
Q

Respiratory diseases 3

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Lung cancer

64
Q

Repiratory diseases chronic bronchitis

A

epethilium lining blocked, excessive mucus prod, paralysed cilia lining =/= remove dust. Breathing diffc. as blocked airways + cough = lung infection

65
Q

Respiratory diseases Emphysema

A

Partition walls of alveoli break down the to violent cough from bronchitis = less SAtoVR + lungs lose elasticity = cannot expand fully
Breathing diffculties, wheezing, severe breathlessness

66
Q

Respiratory diseases lung cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell division -> lumps of tissue

Smoking = risk of mouth throat pancreas kidney urinary bladder cancer

TSHALTAIAGFFA.IIAO.NCBDTCI.IIASOLAL,BAB,CAS,ATDOD.IIASOTBLBOBAOW.IITSOTEOAE.TSTAS-TTAHSLAASFATWCDTTNTD,IIAHRN.RH.IIHAYRTW.TIHTFMCTAC.CATHCATYOP.TINJTEOAR,NIFOCI.TITTOTJ.TESN. (28 decks)

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