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TSHALTAIAGFFA.IIAO.NCBDTCI.IIASOLAL,BAB,CAS,ATDOD.IIASOTBLBOBAOW.IITSOTEOAE.TSTAS-TTAHSLAASFATWCDTTNTD,IIAHRN.RH.IIHAYRTW.TIHTFMCTAC.CATHCATYOP.TINJTEOAR,NIFOCI.TITTOTJ.TESN. > Bio Cells And Genetics > Flashcards

Bio Cells And Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic information stored in chromatin threads, controls all cell activities

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

Partially permeable, controls movement/diffusion of substances in and out of the cell

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Solvent made of water/proteins that contain organelles, made up of phospholipid bi layer

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4
Q

Vacuoles

A

Store minerals and starch, covered by tonoplast

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis / synthesises proteins

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration, releases energy

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7
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins for secretion our of cell

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8
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesises lipids and steroids

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9
Q

Rough er

A

Production and folding of proteins

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10
Q

Different aspects between animal and plant 4

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Centrioles
Vacuole

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11
Q

Adaptation of root hair cell

A

Long and narrow protrusion : SA:vol, absorption of minerals and water

Numerous mitochondria

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12
Q

Adaptations of RBC

A

No nucleus= more haemoglobin
Circular biconcave shape ^SA:vol
Elastic to squeeze thru capillaries

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13
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

v SA:vol , v diffusion of O2 into rbcs , v aerobic resp , v energy release = patients tired

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14
Q

Movement of substances format

A

Particles move from region of higher conc to lower conc down a conc gradient.

(Opp for active transport)
(Water potential for osmosis)

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15
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Steeper = higher rate of diffusion

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of particles from a region of higher conc to lower conc down a conc gradient.

17
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water MOLECULES from region of high WP to low WP down a conc gradient; thru ppm

18
Q

Active transport

A

Particles move from low conc to high conc against conc gradient; thru ppm using energy (from aerobic resp)

19
Q

Higher water potential on cells

A

Plant : turgid (doesn’t burst cause cell wall)
Animal : bursts, lyses. RBC= haemolysis

20
Q

Lower water potential on cells

A

Plant: plasmolysed (membrane and cytoplasm shrinks, becomes flaccid)
Animal cell: crenated

21
Q

Best solution for plant and animal cells water potential

A

Plant: higher wp (hypotonic), turgid, remain upright

Animal: the same

22
Q

Importance of maintaining turgidity in plants

A
  • maintains shape of soft tissues
  • keeps plants firm and upright
  • loss of turgidity: wilting
23
Q

Vesicles

A

Contain substances from er. Pinch off er and fuse with Golgi apparatus.
Secretory vesicles containing the modified substances from GA pinch off and fuse with cell membrane, release contents to cell exterior

24
Q

DNA Deoxyribose nucleic acid

A

Each DNA molecule consists of 2 anti-parallel strands (2 strands run in opposite directions) twisted to form a double helix and they each wrap around proteins (histones) to form a single chromatin thread.

25
Q

nucleotide structure in DNA

A

DNA is made up of polynucleotides, each nucleotide consisting of a deoxyribose sugar molecule, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base.(ATGC)

26
Q

Function of DNA

A

carry genetic information and genetic code in genes that is used to synthesize specific polypeptides

27
Q

DNA complementary bases

A

Adenine-Thymine/Uracil(RNA), Guanine-Cytosine (Complementary bases)

28
Q

Genes

A

Genes are segments of DNA that each code for the synthesis of a single polypeptide.
3 nucleotides in a gene form a codon that codes for the synthesis of one amino acid.

29
Q

change in nucleotide sequence (gene mutation)

A

change in the protein product,
eg
albinism (defect in enzyme synthesising melanin) and sickle-cell anaemia ( different from normal cells by one amino acid = sickle)

30
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

Responsible for storing and transferring genetic information // Codes for amino acids and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to synthesise proteins

Deoxyribose sugar molecule // Ribose sugar molecule

Double-stranded // Single-stranded

Ratios of A:T, C:G = 1:1 // No fixed ratio as its single stranded

Adenine - Thymine // Adenine - Uracil

31
Q

transcription (DNA)

A

gene unzips and the template strand codes for the transcription of the mRNA (messenger RNA) which is complementary to the template strand and then attaches to the ribosomes found in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulums.
mRNA leaves the nuclear envelope of the nucleus via the nuclear pores to reach the ribosomes

32
Q

translation (DNA)

A

starts by mRNA attaching to ribosome) into polypeptides (in the ribosomes) = involves transfer of RNA molecules (tRNA) that are complementary to a codon in the mRNA molecule, with the amino acid attached to it.
When the stop codon is attached, the ribosome leaves the mRNA and polypeptide is produced.

33
Q

Manufacture of insulin via genetic engineering

A
  • Isolate the human insulin gene via the use of a restriction enzyme to cut the specific gene from the DNA
  • Use the same restriction enzyme on the vector molecule such as bacterial plasmid so that they both have complementary sticky ends and can be inserted by DNA ligase into the plasmid
  • The recombinant plasmid is inserted into the plasmid to become a transgenic bacterium, via electric shock therapy with the aid of calcium ions
  • This is then cultivated in a fermenter and burst open to collect the produced human insulin.
34
Q

why is heat shock and calcium ions needed in the process of manufacturing insulin

A

to open the pores of the cell surface membrane of the bacteria for plasmid to leave/enter.

35
Q

Advantages of Genetic engineering (GE)

A
  • Affordable drugs/medicine like human insulin
  • Production of crops that grow in extreme conditions to benefit farmers
  • Pesticide resistant crops
  • Improved nutritional quality of food
36
Q

Disadvantages of GE

A
  • Social = lead to class distinctions and religious disputes
  • Economic = prices of genetically modified seeds are high = less affordable
  • Health = genes for antibiotic resistance may cause human diseases
  • Environmental = GE crops may produce toxins that are harmful to insects

TSHALTAIAGFFA.IIAO.NCBDTCI.IIASOLAL,BAB,CAS,ATDOD.IIASOTBLBOBAOW.IITSOTEOAE.TSTAS-TTAHSLAASFATWCDTTNTD,IIAHRN.RH.IIHAYRTW.TIHTFMCTAC.CATHCATYOP.TINJTEOAR,NIFOCI.TITTOTJ.TESN. (28 decks)

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