Geog Tourism Gi, Gw1-2, 3inc [P1] Flashcards
When to use stratified sampling
When there is comparison to be made
If it just says investigating tourism at — then theres no comparison
What is random sampling
Each memeber of pop has equal chance of being picked, no pattern or uniformity in how ppl are picked, random number generator if possible
Random sampling adavnatges
Can be used with large populations
Can reduce bias, everyone has equal chance
Random sampling disadvantages
Can lead to poor representation if a large pop is left out (ususally in large areas of study)
Practical constrains - time available and access to parts of study area
Systematic sampling
Samples are chosen in a regular predetermined interval (every nth person)
Systematic sampling advantages
Effective method to cover large area of study (more complete coverage)
Doesn’t allow students to be influenced by other factors
Systematic sampling disadvantages
Can be more biased- may miss out on variations
Over/under representation
Stratified sampling
When there are known specific sub-groups to investiagte
Clearly identified subsets of known sizes
Used with random or shstematic
Number of ppl for each subset same
Steps for stratified sampling
- Determine sub-groups
- Attain no of ppl in each subgrp (not always easy to obtain)
- Determine no of ppl to interview from each subgroup
- Choose ppl using random/systematic
Adavantages for stratified
Ensures better representation of the total population that has know subsets
Allows for comparison study between subsets
Disadvanges of stratified
Exact size of subsets must be accruately determined
Full/ required info abt subsets may not be readily/easily available
May be difficult to find mecessary no of respondents for each subset
What are questionaaires best for collecting
Ideal for collecting:
- bg characterists (profile) eg. Age, sex, occupation of sample population
- spatial patterns eg. Origin of visitors
- behaviour patterns eg. Shopping habits, prefernces abt activities
- views and attitudes abt issues
Adavantages of questionaires
- large amt of info collected in shorter time
- can survey more ppl
- results can be quickly and esaily quantified
- esaily use data to do comparisons
- wide range of response and info
- ans on repondents pov not researchers
Questionaire qn type 3
- Open ended: respond freely, at length, difficult to analyse
- Closed ended: choice of ans- better uniformity of measurement & reliabilty// no appopriate options for circumstances thus forced into inappopriate response
- Scale qns eg likert scale
What to consider when designing questionaires
- begin with sinple qns then to more complex ones
- clear and workable, avoid irrelevant qns
- use simple and clear language
- avoid qns that may cause offence
- concise and to the point
- no qns that contain the ans
- qns should be fair and not biased
- polite lang
- avoid double meanings
Visualise a questionaire rn
- Respondants name (optional) | M/F
- Age: [] 20-29 [] 30-39 etc
- What is your country of origin?
Etc
Interviews
Set of qns used to obtain first hand data on ppls views and info
Purpose to collect info on their profile + ask their reasons for coming to destination
Can ask in depth qns and clarify ans
Take longer than questionaire/survey
Questions to ask when designing an interview
- Purpose of investigation (what)
- how do the qns relate to investigation
- what qn types are useful
- how may qns
Steps for conducting interviews
- Identify potential respondents via sampling method
- Approach person politely
- Introduce self, purpose of interview + expected duration
- If they decline thank em anyway
- Request permission to carry out with them
- Note responses on interview questionaire. Stay objective, avoid passing comments
- When usure of response, ask qns or repeat
- Thank for their time after
Landuse survey
Carried out toccollect data on thoe and distribution of land in an area, usually a street or a sketch map of an area
Landuse survey steps
- On paper mark out the street
- From starting point walk down and observe diff land uses on ground and above floors of buildings
- Use boxes to represnet buildings
- Label diff land uses in their boxes
- Repeat until reach other end
- After, refine by neatening and adding labels or notes w info
Visualise a landuse survey rn
retail|restauant |
A road|__________________| B street
|hotel|residential |
Perception (bipolar) survey
To investiagte ppls views on quality of environment/ tourism attraction
Using opposite pairs of words , two extreme ends
Advatages of perception survey
- quick
- more accurate: determine degree or extent
- easily shows factors that need improvement
- show overall perception of tourists (pos or neg)
- identify anomalies as comparisons are made
Disadvantages of perception survey
- rating is subjective, may be understood differntly
- rating is quantitative, does not allow qualitative responses
- scope may be too narrow
- tourists may choose 0 as neutral, reduce reliability
- descriptors may be too vague
Visualise a bi polar/ perspective graph
Pos. Neg
2. 1. 0. -1. -2
Yes food |. |. No food
Pleasant. |. |. Unpleasnat
Types of tourism
- places of scenic beauty
- places w good facilities
- places of conflict
Places of scenic beauty
- honeypot tourism
Eg
Grand Canyon national park USA
Great ocean road Australia
Places with good facilities
- MICE tourism (meetings incentives conventions events)
- medical tourism
- theme parks
Eg
- Walt Disney world Florida USA
- Suntec City sg
- novena medical centre sg
Places with rich culture
- heritage tourism
- film induced tourism
- pilgrimage tourism
Eg.
Lotte world SK
Machu picchu, Peru
Places of conflict
- dark tourism (places of death and tragedy)
- ground zero New York USA
Different groups with roles in promoting tourism
- media
- government
- international organisations
Role of media in promoting DexaL
D
Media reports abt area influence decisions of tourists
Ex
Travel writers : social media - travel websites, blogs, guidebooks
Opinions and reviews : evaluating them
A
Pos - more tourism
L
Neg - less tourism
Role of Govt in promoting DexaL
D
Govt influences visitor number and length of stay, controls construction and financing of infra for tourism
Ex
Singapore tourism board promotes and develops sg as a tourist dest ; facilitates tourism business investment
A
Implement policies to encourage and facilitate T. Build more infra
L
Implement policies to limit tourism
Lack of funding directed to tourism
Role of international organisations in promoting
D
A grp of countries tgt for common purpose
Ex
WHO/ OECD (org for economic cooperation and development) Comm : promotes sustainable growth of T. Address sustainability employment and economic issues in T
A
Pos reports
L
Neg reports
Mass tourism + package holidays
Involves large numbers of ppl
Factors: ^affluence ^leisure time
Package holidays
Tour by travel agent : transport, accomodation and meals provided
Service of local guides -> info
Niche tourism + ecotourism(5)
Special interest based, independent travellers or in package tours, for those seeking new experiences
Ecotourism
Responsible travel to natural areas, conserves enviro, benefits locals
Appreciate biodiversity and natural beauty
Provides funds for ecological conservation
Directly benefits local econ and comm
Fosters respect for diff cultures
Examples for ecotourism
Whale watching in Hawaii
White water rafting and bungee jumping, NZ
Waitomo caves NZ
Locals and Govt minimise impact
Financial benefit for locals
Short haul desc and growth factors
More affordable, faster, more familiar, sim. Culture and lang
Inability to find time to travel amidst busy schedule yet wanting to take a break
Cheaper
Similar culture, more familiar, less lang barrier
Long haul desc and growth factors
- different climate and culture
- tourist attractions
- new experiences
- media popularity
- wanting to know more abt other parts of the world
- new attractions
- more disposable income
- tech advancements
- better infra
- more convenient bookings
Reason for growth dev in tech dexa
Better and more affordable transport, ease of access to info- e bookings
Safer, faster, cheaper
Dev in jet aircraft : commercial air travel
More budget airlines : Low fares - smaller, more efficient , usu short haul
Growth in budget airlines eg scoot - accessible eg takes £7.99 to travel within London
Direct flights boost T - saves time transferring
Incr confidence, affordability, saves time
Reasons for growth demand factors
Disposable income , leisure time, changing lifestyle
Amt of income left aft taxes - more on goods and services
Eg, incr wealth in China : 2017- 143 mil journeys abroad
Leisure time
Time when free from work resp and commitments
Eg Australia : can exchange paid overtime for leave - incr chances of longer overseas breaks
Incr ability, avail money and time
Reasons for growth only has 1 factor dexa btw
Check notes tourism GW 1-2
Reasons for growth destination factors
Investments in infra and services , attractions, access to info
T attractions req investment in infra services transport
Infra : airports (transport), hotels (accommodation) service eg food and entertainment
2012 Changi Airport budget terminal closed to construct T4 2017
Airport capacity 73mil to 82mil
Incr interest, accessibility, confidence
Reasons for fluctuation of global tourism
- disasters
- recessions
- political situations
- diseases
Reasons for fluctuation disasters dexa
Disasters : events causing great damage to infra, injuries, loss of life
2011 Tohoku earthquake
T arrivals to Japan drop 28% to 6.2 mil
Destruction : no infra, no reason + fear
Reasons for fluctuation recessions
A period of general slowdown in global economy - less income, unemployment less demand
Global financial crisis - visitors to France dropped by 15.5% in first 5 months
Less $ less spending on goods and services, less demand less tourism
Reasons for fluctuation polictical situations
Unfavourable Ps eg political conflict - disagreement between groups , may result in war
Dangerous, damage infra, disrupt services
Months of protests in Hong kong in 2019 : tourists numbers drop by almost 40%
Destruction and danger - fear and no infra - less tourism
Reasons for fluctuation diseases
Outbreaks refer to sudden and widespread of disease in an area
During sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) tourist arrivals down 70% in April
Dont want to risk infection + Govt warning + lockdown?
econ impact: employment opportunities
D: tourism industry offers many employment opportunities eg workers in hotels, transport, tour agencies. Travel agents, tour guides, hotel staff - cater to needs of tourists
EX: 2011 - UNWTO est tourism industry employs 235 mil ppl (6-8% of all jobs)
A: more demand and incr infrastructure to expand = more jobs , people can earn a living
econ impact: growth in income
D: growth in tourism leads to growth in income as incr demand
EX: fishermen on Pamilacan island Phillipines - local tour companies hire fishemen to take tourists on boats to look for whale sharks and dolphins - US80-100 per boat
A: incr demand from tourists - additional income for fishermen, tour companies incr income, countries incr revenue thru taxes
econ impact: Dev in infra and facilities
D: allows tourism to operate on larger scale : construction of transport and comm networks, electrical framework, water systems. Roads give tourists access to attractions, for locals access to more markets hc edu and jobs
EX: In Athens, Greece, and Beijing, China, underground rail systems expanded for visitors during summer olympic games in 2004 and 2008 resp. Cont serve locals and tourists after
A: incr accessibility for locals, more access to opportunities + construction creates jobs + incr spending in local econ
econ impact: Seasonal unemployment
EX: Sapporo Japan receives large no of visitors from Dec to Feb, visitors engage in winter sports eg skiing. Mountain ski resorts employ more ppl during winter
econ impact: Underuse of facilities at certain times of the year
EX: some venues in Beijing built for 2008 summer Olympics reported deteriorating. Some renovated eg part of Beijing national aquatics centre renovated into waterpark in 2010
socio cultural impacts: Preservation of local customs and heritage
EX: entry fees to Great pyramids of Giza in Egypt fund conservation efforts
socio cultural impacts: Dilution of local customs and heritage
EX: Thailand - tourists pay a large fee to enter village of Kayan Lahwi women, treat them as exhibits. Sometimes aggressively take photos of them
socio cultural impacts: Incr crime
EX: london UK 2010 Jap tourists approached by woman pretending to be tourists - ask for directions. Accomplices appear as police and request for id and credit cards, woman hands them over to convince. Used to withdraw from atm
enviro impacts: Conservation of natural enviros
EX: Kenya - one lion generates US7000 herd of elephants US600 000 a year in tourist revenue → fund nature reserves and national parks
enviro impacts: Vandalism
EX: Thousands of stones of the Great wall of china covered with graffiti (visited by 10mil/year)
enviro impacts: Littering and pollution
EX: many caribbean islands have limited land to treat waste from cruise ships → dump into ocean, pollution + irresponsible tourists littering overboard
enviro impacts: Destruction of habitats
Eygpt Red Sea ocast a major diving and snorkelling destination of yearly 1.2 mil. Habitats damaged by tourists collecting shells or corals + dumping of sewage by hotels and restaurants
enviro impacts: Carbon footprint
EX: carbon footprint of one way economy from SG to KL is 30kg of CO2 per passenger. Incr travel = incr carbon footprint
enviro impacts: Incr congestion
EX: Rome, italy many walkways and narrow streets filled w tourists (foot traffic) + incr cars and buses = air pollution
Conserve fragile enviros and promote sustainable tourism
- Eg mangroves and coral reefs : easily disturbed by eg dumping of waste
- Possible via laws and reg + support of locals
- Eg area near Great Barrier Reef (unesco world heritage site since 1981) UNESCO provides funding for conservation activities
- Involves minimising leakages of tourist income: dev of homestay accommodations, promoting local eateries
Tensions in managing impacts : Tourists and locals example and points
Bali, Indonesia
- Tourists sites eg Kuta often congested, difficult for locals to conduct daily business
- Deprive some locals of water supply (tourism req 65%)
- Tourists may fail to respect local customs eg public displays of affection
Tensions in managing impacts : Tourists and enviro example and points
Machu Picchu, Peru
- ‘Inca trail’ being eroded by more than 75k tourists hiking each year + litter
- Weight and footsteps of visitors slowly damage land and artefacts
Measures in managing tensions 4
- Limiting visitor number to minimise congestion
- Withholding permission to proceed with tourism products that could harm enviro employing staff to maintain and repair a site
- Discussions with locals regarding needs and concerns
- restriction tourists from areas
Responsibilities of various groups : local comm
EX: Candirejo village in central java indonesia set up cooperative in 2003. first hand knowledge, implement guidelines based on own observations
A: incr income , econ benefits, manage impact
L: difficulty obtaining external funding, shortage of skilled labour
responisbilities of various groups: tour agencies
EX: PAT- Phuket Alternative Tours. est 2006 by grp of tour agencies. part of PAT must run operations w consideration for enviro and conservation to minimise impact. tour guides: feedback and regulate actions of toursits
L: businesses need make profit to keep running. may forgo more ex, sustainable options for cheaper non-sus options - detrimental
