Histopathology - Urological pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common composition of urinary calculi?

A

Calcium oxalate

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2
Q

What is the most likely cause of calcium oxalate urinary calculi?

A

Hypercalciuria
Either due to excessive Ca absorption from gut or impaired absorption in nephron

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3
Q

What are magnesium ammonium phosphate urinary calculi also known as?

A

Triple stones

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4
Q

What is the cause of triple stones?

A

A consequence of infection with urease-producing organisms - Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus species
Urease –> ammonia increase
Ammonia makes urine alkaline –> triple stone precipitation

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5
Q

Why might a small urinary stone become symptomatic?

A

If it gets out of kidney and gets into the ureter - it will cause colic at any point where the ureter bends

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6
Q

What type of urinary calculi are caused by gout?

A

Uric acid stones

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7
Q

What is papillary adenoma of the kidney?

A

Benign epithelial kidney tumour composed of papillae and/or tubules
ALWAYS 15MM OR LESS IN SIZE

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8
Q

What is a renal oncocytoma? Why syndrome can they be seen in

A

Benign epithelial kidney tumour composed of oncocytic cells
Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome

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9
Q

What syndrome should be considered in a patient with many renal oncocytomas?

A

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome

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10
Q

What is an angiomyolipoma?

A

Benign mesenchymal kidney tumour composed of thick-walled blood vessels, smooth muscle and fat

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11
Q

In what condition are angiomyolipomas most likely to appear?

A

Tuberous sclerosis

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12
Q

What is a renal cell carcinoma?

A

Malignancy of epithelial cells of kidney

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13
Q

What is the main symptom of renal cell carcinoma?

A

Painless haematuria

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14
Q

What is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma? What are the other types

A

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma

(other types = papillary cell + chromophobe)

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15
Q

What is the genetic association of clear cell carcinoma? What other condition is it linked to

A

Loss of chromosome 3p
von hippen Lindau

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16
Q

What is Nephroblastoma also known as?

A

Wilm’s tumour

17
Q

What is nephroblastoma?

A

Triphasic kidney tumour of childhood

18
Q

How does nephroblastoma typically present?

A

Abdominal mass in children aged 2-5

19
Q

most common bladder tumour

A
Transitional cell (Urothelial) carcinoma - 90% of all bladder cancers
3x more common in males,
20
Q

What are the 2 main treatments of BPH?

A
5 alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride) 
Alpha blockers (tamsulosin)
21
Q

What score is used for prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Gleason score
X (worst pattern) + Y (most common pattern) = Z

22
Q

What is the most common type of testicular tumour?

A

95% = germ cell

23
Q

Recall 2 risk factors for testicular germ cell tumours

A

Undescended testes
Low birth weight

24
Q

What are the 5 histological subtypes of germ cell testicular tumour?

A

Seminoma
Embryonal carcinoma
Post-pubertal teratoma
Yolk Sac Tumour
Choriocarcinoma

seminal fluid, become and embryo, go through puberty, eat eggs for breakfast now you do chores

25
What is the most useful form of chemo in germ cell testicular tumours?
Platinum based
26
What are the 3 subtypes of non-germ cell testicular tumours?
Lymphoma Leydig cell Sertoli cell
27
Which type of testicular tumour can present with precocious puberty?
Leydig cell
28
What is flat urothelial carcinoma in situ?
Very high grade lesion with high risk of progression
29
Which testicular germ cell tumour has clear polygonal cells and a lymohcytic inflitrate?
Seminoma (most common of them)
30
Which type of urinary stone is most likely to develop into a massive "staghorn calculus"?
Triple stone
31
What is the typical histological appearance of non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma?
Frond-like growths
32
What is the typical histological appearance of a seminoma?
Clear polygonal cells and lymphocytic infiltrate
33
histological feature of primitive tumours seen in Wilm's too
small round blue cells also Ewing's sarcoma of bone
34
3 genetic associations of papillary adenoma
trisomy 7 trisomy 17 loss of y
35
what bladder cancer is linked to schistosomiasis
SCC
36
3 broad groups of malignant renal tumours
RCC Nephroblastoma Tranditional cell carcinoma
37
3 benign kidney tumours
papillary adenoma oncocytoma angiomyolipoma
38
give a beningn and a maligantnt postatic tumour
, presents with LUTS symptoms, suregrical option is TURP malignant = porstae adenocarcinoma - arises from PIN (like CIN for boys)