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Path Y > Histopathology - Urological pathology > Flashcards

Histopathology - Urological pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common composition of urinary calculi?

A

Calcium oxalate

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2
Q

What is the most likely cause of calcium oxalate urinary calculi?

A

Hypercalciuria
Either due to excessive Ca absorption from gut or impaired absorption in nephron

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3
Q

What are magnesium ammonium phosphate urinary calculi also known as?

A

Triple stones

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4
Q

What is the cause of triple stones?

A

A consequence of infection with urease-producing organisms - Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus species
Urease –> ammonia increase
Ammonia makes urine alkaline –> triple stone precipitation

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5
Q

Why might a small urinary stone become symptomatic?

A

If it gets out of kidney and gets into the ureter - it will cause colic at any point where the ureter bends

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6
Q

What type of urinary calculi are caused by gout?

A

Uric acid stones

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7
Q

What is papillary adenoma of the kidney?

A

Benign epithelial kidney tumour composed of papillae and/or tubules
ALWAYS 15MM OR LESS IN SIZE

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8
Q

What is a renal oncocytoma? Why syndrome can they be seen in

A

Benign epithelial kidney tumour composed of oncocytic cells
Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome

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9
Q

What syndrome should be considered in a patient with many renal oncocytomas?

A

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome

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10
Q

What is an angiomyolipoma?

A

Benign mesenchymal kidney tumour composed of thick-walled blood vessels, smooth muscle and fat

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11
Q

In what condition are angiomyolipomas most likely to appear?

A

Tuberous sclerosis

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12
Q

What is a renal cell carcinoma?

A

Malignancy of epithelial cells of kidney

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13
Q

What is the main symptom of renal cell carcinoma?

A

Painless haematuria

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14
Q

What is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma? What are the other types

A

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma

(other types = papillary cell + chromophobe)

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15
Q

What is the genetic association of clear cell carcinoma? What other condition is it linked to

A

Loss of chromosome 3p
von hippen Lindau

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16
Q

What is Nephroblastoma also known as?

A

Wilm’s tumour

17
Q

What is nephroblastoma?

A

Triphasic kidney tumour of childhood

18
Q

How does nephroblastoma typically present?

A

Abdominal mass in children aged 2-5

19
Q

most common bladder tumour

A 
Transitional cell (Urothelial) carcinoma - 90% of all bladder cancers
3x more common in males,
20
Q

What are the 2 main treatments of BPH?

A 
5 alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride) 
Alpha blockers (tamsulosin)
21
Q

What score is used for prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Gleason score
X (worst pattern) + Y (most common pattern) = Z

22
Q

What is the most common type of testicular tumour?

A

95% = germ cell

23
Q

Recall 2 risk factors for testicular germ cell tumours

A

Undescended testes
Low birth weight

24
Q

What are the 5 histological subtypes of germ cell testicular tumour?

A

Seminoma
Embryonal carcinoma
Post-pubertal teratoma
Yolk Sac Tumour
Choriocarcinoma

seminal fluid, become and embryo, go through puberty, eat eggs for breakfast now you do chores

25
Q

What is the most useful form of chemo in germ cell testicular tumours?

A

Platinum based

26
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of non-germ cell testicular tumours?

A

Lymphoma
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell

27
Q

Which type of testicular tumour can present with precocious puberty?

A

Leydig cell

28
Q

What is flat urothelial carcinoma in situ?

A

Very high grade lesion with high risk of progression

29
Q

Which testicular germ cell tumour has clear polygonal cells and a lymohcytic inflitrate?

A

Seminoma (most common of them)

30
Q

Which type of urinary stone is most likely to develop into a massive “staghorn calculus”?

A

Triple stone

31
Q

What is the typical histological appearance of non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma?

A

Frond-like growths

32
Q

What is the typical histological appearance of a seminoma?

A

Clear polygonal cells and lymphocytic infiltrate

33
Q

histological feature of primitive tumours seen in Wilm’s too

A

small round blue cells
also Ewing’s sarcoma of bone

34
Q

3 genetic associations of papillary adenoma

A

trisomy 7
trisomy 17
loss of y

35
Q

what bladder cancer is linked to schistosomiasis

A

SCC

36
Q

3 broad groups of malignant renal tumours

A

RCC
Nephroblastoma
Tranditional cell carcinoma

37
Q

3 benign kidney tumours

A

papillary adenoma
oncocytoma
angiomyolipoma

38
Q

give a beningn and a maligantnt postatic tumour

A

, presents with LUTS symptoms, suregrical option is TURP

malignant = porstae adenocarcinoma - arises from PIN (like CIN for boys)

Path Y (81 decks)

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