Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path Y > Histopathology - Renal disease > Flashcards

Histopathology - Renal disease Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water?

A

Distal convuluted tubule
thick ascending loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a “horse shoe kidney”?

A

Congenital renal fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of adult polycystic kidney disease?

A

Dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the triad of symptoms/signs associated with adult PCKD?

A

Hypertension
Flank pain
Haematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 mutations in PCKD?

A

PKD 1 on Chr 16 (polysystin 1)
PKD 2 on Ch 4 (polycystic 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most strongly associated aneurysm with PCKD?

A

Berry aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In which patients are kidney cysts most likely to form?

A

End stage renal failure and on dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can the causes of acute renal failure be classified?

A

Pre-renal/renal/post-renal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?

A

Acute tubular injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does acute tubular injury affect glomerular filtration?

A

Blockage of tubules by casts –> leakage into interstitial space –> secondary haemodynamic changes that affect GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis, and what causes it?

A

Injury to tubules and interstitium that is usually immune but can also be caused by infection/drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most common cause of acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis?

A

Drugs (especially NSAIDs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does acute glomerulonephritis present?

A

Oligouria

red cell casts

Crescents present when it is bad enough to cause acute renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis? what are the types

A

Immune mediated inflammation of glomerulonephritis with crescents as main histopathological finding

Includes:
type 1 - Anti-GBM disease
type 2- immune complex mediated
type 3 - ANCA associated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which 5 aetiologies might cause immune complex associated crescentic glomerulonephritis?

A

SLE
IgA nephropathy
Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
alport
HSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is anti-GBM disease?

A

Rare and severe disease caused by Ig directed against the GBM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can anti-GBM disease affect the lung?

A

Cross-reaction with alveolar basement membrane leading to pulmonary haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 3 features of Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis?

A

lack of/ scanty immune complex deposition

ANCA associated ( c- wegengers, p- MPA)

Vasculitis everywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

outline the PHAROH of nephritic syndrome

A

proteinuria (less than nephrotic)
hamateuria
azootemia (high ureas & creatinine)
red cell casts in utrine
oliguria
hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome, and what are is its four diagnostic requirements?

A

Breakdown in selectivity of glomerular filtration barrier leading to protein leak

Proteinuria (>3.5g/day)

Hypoalbuminaemia

Oedema

Hyperlipidaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Recall a pre-renal cause of acute renal failure

A

Failure of perfusion of kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Recall 3 renal causes of acute renal failure

A

Acute tubular injury
Acute glomerulonephritis
vasculitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can acute renal failure be caused post-renally?

A

Obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can trauma cause acute renal failure?

A

Release of myoglobin damages tubular epithelial cells, causing acute tubular injury (rhabodmyolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which antibodies are present in pauci-immune acute crescentic glomerulonephritis?

A

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm Ig aka ANCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How can immune complexes in the glomerulus be identified?

A

Immunohistochemistry
Electron microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which syndromes are associated with Pauci-immune Crescentic Glomerulonephritis?

A

Wegener’s
Churg Strauss
Microscopic polyangiopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which kidney disease is associated with E coli diarrhoea?

A

HUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Recall 2 examples of non-immune complex related, primary nephrotic syndrome

A

Minimal change disease

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

30
Q

Recall an example of a primary cause of nephrotic syndrome that is immune mediated?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

31
Q

Recall 3 systemic diseases that can cause nephrotic syndrome

A

Diabetes mellitus
Amyloidosis
SLE

32
Q

in all the 3 primary nephrotic sydnromes, how do glomeruli appear under electron microscopy?

A

loss of foot processes

33
Q

What is a common cause of the nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

Minimal change disease

34
Q

What treatment does minimal change glomerulonephritis usually respond to?

A

Immunosuppression
1st line = steroids
2nd = cyclosporine

35
Q

Does focal segmental glomerulonephritis produce the nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?

A

Nephrotic

36
Q

What is the broad pathophysiology of membranous glomerular disease

A

Immune deposits are subepithelial, outside of GBM
also thickening of BM

37
Q

What age group does membranous glomerular disease sually affect?

A

Adults

38
Q

what antibody is commonly seen in membranous glomerular disease?

A

anti- phospholipase A2 type M receptor

39
Q

Does diabetic nephropathy cause nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?

A

Nephrotic

40
Q

What is amyloidosis?

A

Deposition of extracellular proteinaceous material exhibiting β-sheet structure

41
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Alport’s syndrome? what mutation

A

X-linked
type IV collagen alpha 5 chain

42
Q

What are the triad of symptoms of Alport’s syndrome?

A

nephritic syndrome
sensorineural deafness
eye disease

43
Q

What is the most common form of glomerulonephritis?

A

IgA nephropathy

44
Q

What eGFR is indicative of end-stage renal failure?

A

<15

45
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic renal failure?

A

Diabetes

46
Q

What are anti-GBM antibodies directed against?

A

The C terminal domain of type IV collagen

47
Q

What kidney disease is characterised by shrunken kidneys with granular cortices?

A

Hypertensive nephropathy

48
Q

What stain is used to detect amyloidosis?

A

Congo red (–> apple green birefringeance)

49
Q

in whom is FSGS most cmonnon

A

afro carribean adults

50
Q

What might histopathology show in hypertensive nephropathy?

A

Nephrosclerosis

51
Q

What is the commonest cause of kidney failure requiring renal replacement therapy?

A

Diabetes

52
Q

How does SLE affect the kidney?

A

Anti-nuclear anti-dsDNA Ig directed against a broad range of intracellular and extracellular antigens

53
Q

Does SLE cause the nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?

A

Nephrotic

54
Q

What would be the histological appearance of acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis?

A

Eosinophils and granulomas

55
Q

Describe each stage of diabetic nephropathy

A

Stage 1: Basement Membrane thickening
Stage 2: Mesangial matrix expansion
Stage 3: Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules
Stage 4: Advanced glomerulosclerosis (scarring)

56
Q

How is IgA nephropathy graded?

A

Oxford classification (MEST-C)

57
Q

muddy brown casts in urine =

A

pathognomonic for ATN

58
Q

what bacteria is implicated in post strep GN

A

usually 1-3 WEEKS after thoroat infection or impetigo so
group A haemolytic strep = strep pyogenes

59
Q

2 bloods for post strep GN

A

C3 down
ASOT titre up

60
Q

what’s seen on microscopy in post strep GN

A

granular despots of IgG and C3 in GBM

61
Q

most common GN worldwide?

A

IgA nephropathy = BERGER disease

62
Q

IgA nephropathy is more common in what race

A

east/south asiana

63
Q

when does IgA nephropathy tend to present after an UTRI

A

1-2 DAYS (much earlier than post strep GN)
PRESENTS W FRANK HAEMATURIA

64
Q

blood results in IgA nephropathy

A

IgA up
note than 1/3rd will progress to CKD

65
Q

give a rare dominant inherited cause of nephritic syndrome. what mutation

A

thin membrane disease (benign familial haematuria)
type IV collagen alphan 4 chain
usually asymtomatic

66
Q

give 3 conditions that typically cause asymptomatic haematuria

A

alport
thin membrane disease
IgA nephropathy

67
Q

what is lupus nephritis. give a histo finding

A

GN caused by lupus
immune complex deposition-
in capillaries = wire loop capillaries
in GBM = lumpy-bumpy granular fashion

68
Q

give 3 priamry causes of nephrotic syndrome

A

minimal change disease

membranous gloemrualr disease

focal segmental sloemrulosclerosis

69
Q

give 5 diseases that cause a nrphritic syndrome

A

post strep GN

IgA nephropathy

rapidly progressive/crescenteric

alport’s syndrome

thin basement memebran disease

70
Q

microscopy findings of membranous glomerular disease

A

loss of poocytes for all three nephrotics

ALSO spikey subepithelial deposits

71
Q

WHAT NEPHRTOIC SYDROM SHOWS DIFFUSE THICKENING OF GBM

A

MEMBRANOUS

Path Y (81 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions