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Deck of Secret Knowledge > Histo Essentials > Flashcards

Histo Essentials Flashcards

1
Q

Form of chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive

A

Heterochromatin

ex. Barr bodies

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2
Q

Where are ribosomes produced

A

Nucleolus

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3
Q

3 zones of the nucleolus

A

Granular zone
Dense fibrillar zone
Fibrillar zone

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4
Q

Positively charged proteins forming the nucleosome & solenoid fibers in the chromatin

A

Histones

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5
Q

Site of drug detoxification, steroid hormone synthesis

A

SER

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6
Q

Site of synthesis of cytosolic proteins

A

Free ribosomes

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7
Q

Only protein synthesized by the RER for export, that is not packed by the Golgi apparatus

A

Collagen

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton component used as a tumor marker

A

Int. Filament

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9
Q 
Tumor Markers:
Epithelial cells (SCCA, adeoncarcinoma)
A

Cytokeratin

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10
Q 
Tumor Markers:
Endothelial cells (vascular smooth muscle), Fibroblasts, Chondroblasts
A

Vimentin

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11
Q

Tumor Markers:

Skeletal and smooth muscle

A

Desmin

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12
Q

Tumor Markers:

Neurons

A

Neurofilament

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13
Q

Tumor Markers:

Glial cells

A

Glial fibrillar acidic protein

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14
Q

Tumor Markers:

Inner membrane of a nuclear envelope

A

Laminins A, B, C

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15
Q

3 types of microtubule associated proteins

A

Kinesin (anterograde transport)
Dynein (retrograde transport)
Dynamin (elongation of axons)

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16
Q

Basal Side Add-ons

A

1) Infoldings with pumps, channels, etc
2) Hemidesmosomes
3) Basal Lamina (Type 4 collagen)

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17
Q

Lateral Membrane Add-ons

A

1) Zonula occludens (Tight junctions, subclassified as tight and leaky)
2) Zonula adherens
3) Macula adherens - Desmosomes
4) Gap junctions - Nexus junction

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18
Q

(+) Nikolsky sign seen in what diseases?

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

TEN

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19
Q

Function of cilia in eukaryotes

A

Sensory functions and Movement of fluid

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20
Q

Where can kinocilium be found?

A

Inner ear (endolymph)

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21
Q

Major functions of the different types of cartilage

A

Hyaline (smooth surface for easy movement)
Elastic (support, flexibility, shape)
Fibrocartilage (shock absorber)

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22
Q

Key differences between cartilage and bone?

A

Cartilage: No mineralization, avascular, no nerves, no gap junctions

Bone: low hydration, high rate of repair, (+) gap junctions, (+) hormonal response

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23
Q

Percentages!

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium in Bone?

A

Ca: 99%
P: 85%
Mg: 65%

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24
Q

Functional unit of a compact bone

A

Haversian system/Osteon

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25
Q

Structure that houses the osteoclast

A

Howship’s lacunae

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26
Q

Connects one Haversian canal to another

A

Volkmann’s canal

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27
Q

What type of collagen?

Vitreous humor

A

II

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28
Q

What type of collagen?

Scar tissue

A

Early: III

Late & Predominant: I

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29
Q

What type of collagen?

Lens capsule

A

IV

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30
Q

What type of collagen?

Elastic cartilage

A

II

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31
Q

Simple Squamous Epith

A 
Type 1 pneumocytes
Endothelium of vessels
Parietal layer (Bowman's)
Mesothelium
Corneal endothelium
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32
Q

Stratified Squamous Epith

A

Cornified: Skin
Non-cornified: oral cavity, esophagus, anus below the anal valves, vagina up to extocervix, male urethra up to the fossa navicularis

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33
Q

Simple Columnar Epith

A

Bronchioles, Uterus and fallopian tubes, GIT (stomach to anal verge), Excretory duct lining

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34
Q

Stratified columnar epith

A

Male urethra except the fossa navicularis

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35
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

Ciliated: Respiratory epith

Non-ciliated: epidydymis, vas deferens

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36
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Resp. bronchioles, thyroid cells, germinal epith of the ovary, lens of the eye, pigment layer of the retina

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37
Q

Stratified cuboidal epith

A

Lining of mammary ducts

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38
Q

Most important histopathologic indicator of CNS injury

A

Gliosis

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39
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Posterior root ganglia

Cranial nerves

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40
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Vestibular, cochlear, retinal, olfactory nerves

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41
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

The rest of the CNS :P

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42
Q

Phenomenon when the Nissl substance moves and becomes concentrated in the periphery esp. during fatigue

A

Chromatolysis

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43
Q

Glial cell that transports CSF to the hypophyseal portal system

A

Tanycytes

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44
Q

Epidermal dendritic cells

A

Langerhans Cells

45
Q

Layer of the skin only found in the regions of thick stratum corneum? Where are these regions?

A

Stratum lucidum

Palms and soles

46
Q

Layer of the skin filled with basophilic keratohyaline granules

A

Stratum Granulosom

47
Q

Layers of the Skin

A 
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosm
Spinosum
Basale
48
Q

2 types of Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands

1) Eccine
2) Apocrine

49
Q

Red fiber or White fiber?

High myoglobin

A

Red fiber

50
Q

Red fiber or White fiber?

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

White fiber

51
Q

Red fiber or White fiber?

High glycogen content

A

White fiber

52
Q

Red fiber or White fiber?
EOMs
Anti-grav muscles

A

EOMs: White

Anti-grav: Red

53
Q

Calcium binding protein in smooth muscle

A

Calmodulin

54
Q

Actin attachment in smooth muscle

A

Dense bodies

55
Q

Muscles capable of regeneration

A

Smooth

Minor: Skeletal

56
Q

Only striation in the muscle that does not change position

A

A Band

57
Q

3 parts of the Adenohypophysis

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia - MSH
Pars tuberalis - contains portal venules

58
Q

3 parts of the Neurohypophysis

A

Pers nervosa
Infundibular stalk
Median eminence (floor of the 3rd ventricle)

59
Q

3 cells in the ant. pituitary

A

chromophobes - reserve cells
acidophils (GH and Prolactin)
basophils (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)

60
Q

Cells in the post. pituitary

A

Large unmyelinated axons (ADH - SON, Oxytocin from the PVN)
Pituicytes
Herring bodies

61
Q

Produces calcitonin, thyroglobulin?

A

Parafollicular cells, Follicular cells

62
Q

Cells of the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells - secrete PTH

Oxyphil cells

63
Q

Weakly basophilic columnar cells which are modified post ganglionic neurons who have lost their dendrites and axons

A

Chromaffin cells

64
Q

4 types of tongue papillae

A

Filliform - no taste buds
Fungiform - innervated by CN VII
Circumvallate - associated with von Ebner’s glands, innervate by CN IX
Foliate - Innervated by CN VII and IX

65
Q

Secretion of the parotid gland?

A

Serous (CN IX)

66
Q

Secretion of the mandibular gland?

A

Serous > Mucous (CN VII) accounts for 70% of saliva production

67
Q

Secretion of the sublingual gland?

A

Mucous > Serous (CN VII)

68
Q

GI

Produces IF and HCL

A

Parietal cells

69
Q

GI

Produces histamine

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells

70
Q

GI

Produces somatostatin

A

Enterochromaffin cells

71
Q

Area of the Small intestine with Brunner’s glands?

A

Duodenum

72
Q

Area of the Small intestine with Peyers Patches?

A

Ileum

73
Q

Where can the Crypts of Lieberkuhn be found?

A

Muscularis mucosae

74
Q

Cells in the Duodenum

A 
LSPIKE
L Cell - GLP 1
S cell - Secretin
Paneth cell - Lyzozyme
I Cell - CCK
K Cell - GIP
Enteroendocrine cells - Phospholipase A and defensins
75
Q

Differences between the SI and LI

A

Haustra, appendices epiplocae, taenia coli in LI

76
Q

Where are Kuppfer cells seen? be specific

A

Liver sinusoid

77
Q

Where are Ito Cells found?

A

Perisinusoidal stellate cells are in the space of Disse

78
Q

Zones of the Liver Acinus

A

I: Periportal
II: Midzonal
III: Centrilobular

79
Q

Gallbladder lacks this layer

A

Muscularis mucosae

80
Q

Pockets of the gallbladder mucosa in the muscular layer

A

Rokitansky Aschoff sinuses

81
Q

Function and location of Clara cells

A

Conducting portion of resp. epith

Metabolizes airborne toxins

82
Q

Smooth muscle extends up to where in the respiratory tree? Elastic fiber?

A

SM: alveolar ducts
EF: alveolar sacs

83
Q

Order of the Structures of the resp. system

A 
Trachea
Main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles

Resp. bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

84
Q

Allows passage of bacteria and exudates between adjacent alveoli

A

Pores of Kohn

85
Q

JGA: Contain receptors for angiotensin II and ANP

A

Mesangial cells

86
Q

JGA: Secretes Renin

A

JG Cells

87
Q

JGA: Monitors Na conc in the distal tubules

A

Macula Densa

88
Q

Lifespan of reticulocytes

A

1-2 days

89
Q

Lifespan of neutrophils

A

5.4 days

90
Q

Bilobulated nucelus

A

Eosinophils

91
Q

NK Cells and TH2 cells detect MHC1 or 2?

A

MHC 1

92
Q

TH4 cells detect MHC 1 or 2

A

MHC 2

93
Q

Large bilubulated U shaped nucleus

A

Monocytes

94
Q

Monocytes in granulomas

A

Epitheloid cells

95
Q

Monocytes in the spleen?

A

Sinusoidal cells

96
Q

Most powerful structure in the optical system (in terms of refraction)

A

Cornea

97
Q

Produces aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body

98
Q

Middle vascular layer of the eye

A

Uvea

99
Q

5 (6 as of last month) layers of the Cornea

A 
Epithelium
Bowman's layer
Stroma
(Layer of Dua, preDescemet layer)
Decemet's membrane
Endothelium
100
Q

Area of highest visual acuity

A

Fovea

101
Q

Largest concentration of cone cells

A

Fovea

102
Q

Pigmented spot near the center of the retina

A

Macula

103
Q

Layers of the retina

A

1) Inner limiting membrane - outermost
2) optic nerve fibers
3) ganglion cells
4) inner plexiform
5) inner nuclear
6) outer plexiform
7) outer nuclear
8) outer limiting membrane
9) photoreceptor
10) pigment epithelium - innermost, where retinal detachment can occur

104
Q

Layers of the lens

A

Capsule
Cortex
Nucleus

105
Q

Layers of the TM

A

External: keratinized stratified squamous
Middle: connective tissue, highly vascularized
Internal: simple squamous

106
Q

components and function of the kinetic labyrinth

A

Semicircular ducts

Angular movement

107
Q

components and function of the static labyrinth

A

utricle and saccule

Linear acceleration and gravity

108
Q

3 layers of the organ of Corti

A

Roof: vestibular membrane
Floor: basilar membrane
Lateral: stria vascularis

Deck of Secret Knowledge (57 decks)

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