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Y1 NMSK > Histo > Flashcards

Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Step 1 of preparation of histologic sections

A

tissue collection

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2
Q

Step 2 of preparation of histologic sections

A

Fixation and trimming

in 10% formalin

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3
Q

step 3 of preparation of histologic sections

A

Dehydration

series of alcohols increasing to 100%

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4
Q

step 4 of preparation of histologic sections

A

Paraffin embedding

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5
Q

Step 5 of preparation of histologic sections

A

Sectioning with microtome

3-4 micrometers

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6
Q

step 6 of preparation of histologic sections

A

Straightening sections on water bath

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7
Q

step 7 of preparation of histologic sections

A

transferring sections to slide

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8
Q

step 8 of preparation of histologic sections

A

staining and coverslipping

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9
Q

Blue stain for mainy genetic materials (DNA and RNA)

A

Haematoxylin

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10
Q

Pink stains for mainly proteins

A

Eosin

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11
Q

Key Characteristics of the epithelium

6

A
  • Covers all external and internal surfaces of the body
  • Has polar orientation (One side faces lumen and other side is anchored to another tissue)
  • Contains no blood vessels
  • can have apical modifications
  • minimal extracellular space between cells
  • forms a basement membrane
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12
Q

how are epithelium described

2

A
  • Morphology (shape and arrangement)
  • Function (Glandular or non-glandular)
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13
Q

types of epithelia regarding structure

2

A
  • Simple epithelium (single layers of cells)
  • Stratified epithelium (Multiple layers of cells)
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14
Q

simple squamous characterisitcs

3

A
  • One layer of flat and thin cells
  • best suited for passive transport of substances across the cytoplasm
  • provide very little protection and thus are not found on surfaces subject to high stress

alveoli, vessels, body cavities

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15
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

2

A
  • one layer of thicker, deeper cells that look like squares
  • usually associated with secretion and/or absorption

thyroid, kidney, lung, ovary, ducts and secretory portions of many gland

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16
Q

simple columnar epitheial

3

A
  • one layer of tall, long and thin cells
    markedly polarized
  • often have apical modifications (cilia, microvilli etc.)
  • usually associated with secretion and/or absorption

intestine, female repro tract, many exocrine glands

17
Q

Simple pseudostratified epitheial

4

A
  • One layer, but due to the arrangement of the nuclei, appears to be multilayered
  • all cells rest on the basement membrane
  • secretion and movement of particles along the tubular organs
  • also called respiratory epithelium

trachea, bronchi, epididymis, vas deferens

18
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

4

A
  • multiple layers of thin, flat cells
  • most common multilayered epithelia. cover most of the external and some internal bodyparts
  • protect underlying tissues and prevent their desiccation
  • some keratinise. In SA, only occurs on outside and not where where tissue remains moist, LA can occur in mouth, etc
19
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

3

A
  • multpile layers of cube like cells
  • not abundant
  • found covering areas of trasnition between simple and stratisifed epithelia
20
Q

stratified columnar epitheial

3

A
  • multiple layers of tall, thin cells
  • not abundant
  • found covering areas of transition between simple and stratisfied epithelia
21
Q

transitional epithelium

5

A
  • appearance changes from thick stratified columnar to thin stratisfied squamous
  • some of the surface cells are binucleated
  • often seen in urinary tract as they have to expand and contract to accomodate liquid contents of the bladder/ureters
  • Only found in the urogenital system.
  • subject to marked cariation of internal pressure (cell type depends on degree of distinction

AKA urothelium

22
Q

how are epithelial glands classified

4

A
  1. method of secretion (endocrine vs. exocrine)
  2. type of secretion
  3. shape
  4. cell numbers
23
Q

Endocrine glands

4

A
  • ductless and have no connections to external or internal surfaces
  • produce hormones
  • near blood vessels
  • high diversity in morphology
24
Q

where do Exocrine glands secrete to

A
  • secrete its product to a lumen or free surface
25
Q

Types of secretory product consistency from exocrine glands

3

A
  • serous (clear, watery fluid)
  • mucous (more viscous fluid)
  • mixed (mixture of above)
26
Q

types of secretion of exocrine glands

3

A
  • merocrine (exocytosis, cell membrane remains intact and fuses to expel contents)
  • holocrine (cell membrane ruptures and “commits suicide”
  • Apocrine (cell pinches off surface with secreted product)
27
Q

Apical modifications

3

A
  • cilia (actively motile, long cell processes)
  • Microvilli (non-motile small projections specialised for abosrption. increase surface area)
  • stereocilia (long microvilli)
28
Q

what are the 3 types of Cell junctions

3

A
  • adherent junctions (cells anchor together to insure tissue cohesion)
  • tight junctions (control what eneters the body)
  • gap junctions (for communication between cells)
29
Q

Adherent junctions

A

linking of junctions provides stifness of tissue
- cell to cell: desmosomes
- cell to extracellular matrix: hemidesmosomes

30
Q

tight junctions

3

A
  • controll the entrance of compunds (nutrients etc.) to the blood vessels from the intestinal lumen.
  • limit the paracellular movement of water and other molecules
  • 2 pathways for compunds to transverse epithelial sheet: paracellular (between cells) and transcellular (across cells)
31
Q

Gap junctions

1

A
  • aqueous channels (pore like) that allow small molecules to pass between two adjacent cells

less than or equal to 1000Da in molecular weight

32
Q

how are exocrine glands classified

A

classified regarding the number of cells (multi/unicellular)and shape, type of secretory product and type of secretion

Y1 NMSK (50 decks)

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