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Y1 NMSK > bone formation etc. > Flashcards

bone formation etc. Flashcards

1
Q

What common organic ions are reserved in our bones

A

Calcium and Phosphorous

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2
Q

What are the 4 purposes of the skeleton

A
  1. structure
  2. protection
  3. locomotion
  4. mineral reservoir
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3
Q

What are the 3 limitations of bones

A
  1. rigid
  2. hard/brittle
  3. unable to expand from within (limited growth potential as can only expand at exisiting surfaces)
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4
Q

What are the 2 kinds fo bone Matrix

A
  • organic
  • inorganic
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5
Q

what are the 3 types of bone cells

A
  • osteocytes
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
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6
Q

What is “Woven Bone”

A

haphazard collagen that has formed and mineralized quickly (young growing animal, fracture repair), causing the collagen fibres to have a woven orientation

weak

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7
Q

What is Lamellar Bone

A

thin layers of osteoid within which collagen fibres belonging to each layer are parallel to eachother and fibres of another layer run in a different direction to the previous layer

stron and takes longer to develop

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8
Q

What is an osteon

A

a tunnel which carries blood vessels and nerves to supply the bone with nutrients and oxygen (inner anatomy of the bone changes)

primary and secondary (branch off of primary)

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9
Q

Label the following image of an osteon

  • lacunae
  • haversian canal
  • lamellae
  • interstitial lamellae
  • cement line
  • canaliculi
A
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10
Q

What are osteoblasts derived from

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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11
Q

what is the purpose of osteoblasts

2

A
  • synthesize and secrete osteoid
  • active in the mineralization process (help grow bone)
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12
Q

What are osteocytes derived from

A

osteoblasts

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13
Q

characterisitcs of osteocytes

4

A
  • interconnected by dendritic processes (how cells talk)
  • reside within the lacunae which are interconnected by canaliculi
  • long lived
  • maintain the matrix
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14
Q

What are some indetifiers of osteoclasts microscopically

A

they are large and have multiple nuclei

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15
Q

What is the purpose of an osteoclast

A

responsible for tunnelling through the bone in order to create osteons (secrete proteases to destroy organic matrix via demineralization)

derived from bone marrow

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16
Q

What are the cellular mechanisms of bone modeling and remodeling

3

A
  1. coordinated action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
  2. bone excavated in cylindrical tunnel by osteoclasts
  3. bone replaced by osteoblasts which follow and form concentric lamellae of lamallar bone on walls to form a secondary osteon
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17
Q

What does bone modeling and remodeling facilitate?

A
  • change in bone shape
  • change in bone material
  • repair of damaged bone
  • release of mineral ions
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18
Q

what is a stress fracture

A

a sydrome involving localised bone injury associated with fatigue damage

micro fractures from wear and tear/over stress)

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19
Q

what is “stress” in the context stress fracture

A

force per unit area

20
Q

what is “strain” in the context of stress fracture

A

% of elongation

too much force over time

21
Q

what is a yield point in terms of stress fracture

A

point at which the structure will no longer return to its original shape

22
Q

What is fatigue in the context of a stress fracture

A

the progressive decline in material properties

cyclical loading of quite intense loads may steadily weaken the bone

23
Q

What is microdamage

3

A
  • structural damage of various levels
  • cell death
  • vascualr disruption
24
Q

what are joints

2

A
  • flexible interfaces between bones
  • smooth bearing surfaces
25
Q

what kind of growth is cartilage capable of

A

interstitial

happens from the inside out

26
Q

how is cartilage matrix different from bone

A
  • differences in biochemistry, microstructure, metabolism and cell types
  • avascular and aneural (get nutrients/oygen from surrounding structures)
27
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline/articular
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic
28
Q

what are some qualities of hyaline/articular joints

8

A
  • precursors to bones in embryonic skeleton
  • present inside bones
  • on joint surfaces
  • slippery and hydrated
  • withstand and distributed laod
  • actas as a shock absorber
  • self maintaining
  • avascular, aneural, and alymphatic
29
Q

what is the predominant type of collagen found in articular/hyaline cartilage

A

type 2 collagen

30
Q

what are some qualities of fibrocartilage

6

A
  • very strong
  • white
  • specialised for areas requiring tough support/great tensile strength
  • lines the surfaces of bony grooves
  • contains more collagen that hyaline cartilage
  • lacks perichondrium
31
Q

what types(s) of collagen does fibrocartilage contain

A

type 1 and 2

32
Q

what are some characteristics of elastic cartilage

4

A
  • yellow
  • found in the pinna, tubes, anywhere that require flexible support
  • keeps tubes permanently open
  • similar to hyalin but contains elastic bundles throughout matrix
33
Q

what are the cells found in cartilage/what do they do

4

A

chondrocytes
- produce and maintain cartilage matrix
- low density
- obtain nutrition and O2 by diffusion from nearby structures
- secrete new matrix when embedded in matrix

34
Q

where does connective tissue develope from

A

the embryonic mesenchymal tissue (stem cells)

35
Q

what are the 5 different types of connective tissues

A
  • loose fibrous connective tissue
  • dense fibrous connective tissue
  • hyaline cartilage
  • bone tissue
  • adipose tissue (fat)
36
Q

what are the main amino acids in collagen

A
  • glycine
  • proline
  • hydroxyproline
  • hydroxylysine

composed of strong covalent bonds

37
Q

collagen found in the skin, tendons, organs, mature scar tissue, artery walls, the cornea, endomysium, fibrocartilage, surrounding muscle fibres, organic part of the bones and teeth is what type?

A

type 1

38
Q

collagen found in the hyaline cartilage and vitreous humour is what type of collagen

A

type 2

39
Q

collagen found in reticular fibres (organ stroma) and granulation tissue is what type of collagen

A

type 3

40
Q

collagen found in the basal lamina, eye lens, fitration system of the capillaries and glomerula is why type of collagen?

A

type 4

41
Q

collagen found in the intestinal tissue and placenta is what type of collagen

A

type 5

42
Q

what are qualities of synovial fluid

6

A
  • clear
  • slightly yellow
  • fills the joint space
  • provides nutrition
  • lubrication
  • ultrafilate of plasma
43
Q

why is analysis of synovial fluid helpful

A
  • can determine is there is evidence of disease (infection, osteoarthritis, immune mediated arthritis)
  • intra-articular injection for diagnostic (joint block) and therapeutic purposes (intra-articular medication)
44
Q

what are the qualities of normal synovial fluid

5

A
  • clear/yellow
  • not cloudy/turbid
  • viscous (forms a string between fingers or from end of fingers)
  • low cell count
  • some neutrophils, lymphocytes and mononuclear cells OK
45
Q

what are some qualities of abnormal synovial fluid

3

A
  • yellow/red
  • cloudy/turbid
  • watery
  • increased neutrophils (bacterial and fungal infections)
  • incrreased eosinophils (autoimmune)
  • total protien outside normal limits (10-20)
  • ph more than 6.9
46
Q

What is perichondrium

A

a dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that cover the surface of most cartilage types

not fibrocartilage

47
Q

what is the function of the synovial membrane

A
  • to produce synovial fluid
  • clear debris from the joint
  • provide nutrition (brings blood vessels close to the cartilage surface)

Highly vascularized

Y1 NMSK (50 decks)

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