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Y1 NMSK > Anatomical terms and Bones > Flashcards

Anatomical terms and Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Structures that lie close to the body

A

Proximal

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2
Q

Structures that are further from the body

A

Distal

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3
Q

Structures that lie towards the head

A

Cranial

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4
Q

Structures that lie towards the tail

A

Caudal

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5
Q

Structures/positions that lie towarsd the back (dorsum) of the trunk/head/tail

A

Dorsal

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6
Q

Structures that lie towards the belly

A

Ventral

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7
Q

What words describe the directions on the proximal (Above the carpal and hock) part of the legs

A

Cranial and Caudal

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8
Q

What words describe the direction on the forelimb that is dital to the carpal joint

A

Dorsal and Palmar

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9
Q

What words describe the directions on the hindlimb distal to the hock joint

A

Dorsal and Plantar

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10
Q

Structures that lie towards the middle of the animal

A

Medial Structures

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11
Q

Structures that lie towards the side of the animal

A

Lateral structures

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12
Q

Structure towards the axis of the limb (lies between the 3rd and 4th digits (1st digit in dog is essentially absent*)

A

Axial

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13
Q

Structure that lie away from the axis of the limb

A

Abaxial

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14
Q

ON THE HEAD: structures toward the muzzle

A

Rostral

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15
Q

On the Head: structures that are away form the mouth

A

Aboral

Rather than Cranial

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16
Q

Plane that divides the trunk and/or head into right and left halves (symmetrical)

A

Medial plane

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17
Q

Plane parallel to the median plane when talking about the head and or trunk

A

Paramedian or Sagittal

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18
Q

Planes that pass through any body part perpendicular to the parts long axis

Long axis could mean medial plane

A

Transverse plane

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19
Q

planes that run parallel to the dorsal surface

A

Dorsal Planes

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20
Q

label

A
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21
Q

Muscle/joint action that increases the angle formed by a hinge joint

A

Extend

22
Q

muscle/joint action that decreases the angle formed by a hinge joint

A

Flex

23
Q

Muscle/joint action that moves the limb away from the body (Midline)

A

Abduct

24
Q

Muscle/joint action that moves the limb towards the body (midline)

A

adduct

25
Q

Muscle/joint action that rotates the thoracic limb so the dorsum of the manus is turned laterally (outwards rotation is preferred for the pelvic limb)

A

Supinate

26
Q

Muscle/Joint action that rotates the thoracic limb so the dorsum of the manus is turned medially (Inwards rotation is preferred for the pelvic limb)

A

Pronate

27
Q

Anatomy of the bone that is classified as a Tube of solid bone

A

Cortex

28
Q

Anatomy of the bone that is classified as the central cavity filled with bone marrow

Filled with fat in older animals

A

Medulla

29
Q

The anatomy of the bone that is classified as the diaphysis

the central part of a long bone

A

Shaft

30
Q

The anatomy of a bone that is classified as metaphysis

The flared region adjacent to the Epiphysis

A

Ends

31
Q

The anatomy of a bone that is classified as the rounded end

A

epiphysis

32
Q

The compact region of a bone

A

Cortical Bone

33
Q

The trabecular, spongy region of a bone

A

cancellous

34
Q

number of bones in the trunk

vertebral column, ribs, sternum and skull

A

134

35
Q

Number of bones in the limbs

shoulder and pelvic limb

A

186

36
Q

number of visceral bones

male only

A

1

37
Q

total number of bones

Male dog

A

321

38
Q

The bones forming the axis or centre of the animal

bones of the head, neck, vertebral column, ribs, pelvis and tail

A

Axial Skeleton

39
Q

Regions of the skeleton that are attached to the axial skeleton

A

bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs

40
Q

visceral bones

A

Bones that develop in the soft tissues, away from the rest of the skeleton

only 2: Os Penis in the dog/cat & Os cordis in the heart of ruminants

41
Q

When bones ossify (Develop) from a cartilage precursor

A

Chondral ossification

Most limb bones do this

42
Q

When bones ossify (develop) from mesenchymal cells

A

membranous ossification

the scapula and most skull bones do this

43
Q

Where do you find bones that develop via Chondral ossification and how are the often seen failing/fractured

2

A
  • found in load bearing areas
  • often have specific fail/fracture configurations
44
Q

Where do you find bones that have developed via membranous ossification and how do they fail

2

A
  • found in non load bearing areas
  • often seen fracturing in a configuration similar to a pebble on a sheet of ice
45
Q

Classification of Long bones

3

A
  • cylindrical shape
  • main part of bone is a column providing strength, expanded ends providing transfer of load
  • Resist compression when loaded, act as levers and resist tension during muscle contraction
    ex: humerus, femur, radius, tibia
46
Q

Classifications of short bones

3

A
  • many sides, similar dimensions throughout (length, breadth, heigth)
  • found in groups of bones that act to transmit and disseminate forces through joints (distribute weight and force more evenly and reduce concussive forces)
  • One surface is always non-articular for ligament attachment and vasculature

ex: carpal and tarsal bones

47
Q

Classification of irregular bones

2

A
  • have an irregular shape
  • usually have various jutting processes for muscle and ligament attachment

most typical ex: vertebral bones

48
Q

Classifications of flat bones

2

A
  • thin, flat bones
  • act as attachments for soft tissues, and protect underlying tissues

ex: bones of the skull, scapula, pelvis and ribs

49
Q

Classifications of Pneumatic bones

1

A
  • Bones which contain air spaces

ex: the flat bones of the skull that form paranasal sinuses

50
Q

Classifications of sesamoid bones

4

A
  • function is to provide additionsal strength and reduce wear over joints
  • protect tendon over a bony prominence (Navicular bone in horse)
  • redirect course of a tendon (Patella)
  • weight bearing functions (Equine fetlock)

Y1 NMSK (50 decks)

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