Anatomical terms and Bones Flashcards
Structures that lie close to the body
Proximal
Structures that are further from the body
Distal
Structures that lie towards the head
Cranial
Structures that lie towards the tail
Caudal
Structures/positions that lie towarsd the back (dorsum) of the trunk/head/tail
Dorsal
Structures that lie towards the belly
Ventral
What words describe the directions on the proximal (Above the carpal and hock) part of the legs
Cranial and Caudal
What words describe the direction on the forelimb that is dital to the carpal joint
Dorsal and Palmar
What words describe the directions on the hindlimb distal to the hock joint
Dorsal and Plantar
Structures that lie towards the middle of the animal
Medial Structures
Structures that lie towards the side of the animal
Lateral structures
Structure towards the axis of the limb (lies between the 3rd and 4th digits (1st digit in dog is essentially absent*)
Axial
Structure that lie away from the axis of the limb
Abaxial
ON THE HEAD: structures toward the muzzle
Rostral
On the Head: structures that are away form the mouth
Aboral
Rather than Cranial
Plane that divides the trunk and/or head into right and left halves (symmetrical)
Medial plane
Plane parallel to the median plane when talking about the head and or trunk
Paramedian or Sagittal
Planes that pass through any body part perpendicular to the parts long axis
Long axis could mean medial plane
Transverse plane
planes that run parallel to the dorsal surface
Dorsal Planes
label
Muscle/joint action that increases the angle formed by a hinge joint
Extend
muscle/joint action that decreases the angle formed by a hinge joint
Flex
Muscle/joint action that moves the limb away from the body (Midline)
Abduct
Muscle/joint action that moves the limb towards the body (midline)
adduct
Muscle/joint action that rotates the thoracic limb so the dorsum of the manus is turned laterally (outwards rotation is preferred for the pelvic limb)
Supinate
Muscle/Joint action that rotates the thoracic limb so the dorsum of the manus is turned medially (Inwards rotation is preferred for the pelvic limb)
Pronate
Anatomy of the bone that is classified as a Tube of solid bone
Cortex
Anatomy of the bone that is classified as the central cavity filled with bone marrow
Filled with fat in older animals
Medulla
The anatomy of the bone that is classified as the diaphysis
the central part of a long bone
Shaft
The anatomy of a bone that is classified as metaphysis
The flared region adjacent to the Epiphysis
Ends
The anatomy of a bone that is classified as the rounded end
epiphysis
The compact region of a bone
Cortical Bone
The trabecular, spongy region of a bone
cancellous
number of bones in the trunk
vertebral column, ribs, sternum and skull
134
Number of bones in the limbs
shoulder and pelvic limb
186
number of visceral bones
male only
1
total number of bones
Male dog
321
The bones forming the axis or centre of the animal
bones of the head, neck, vertebral column, ribs, pelvis and tail
Axial Skeleton
Regions of the skeleton that are attached to the axial skeleton
bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs
visceral bones
Bones that develop in the soft tissues, away from the rest of the skeleton
only 2: Os Penis in the dog/cat & Os cordis in the heart of ruminants
When bones ossify (Develop) from a cartilage precursor
Chondral ossification
Most limb bones do this
When bones ossify (develop) from mesenchymal cells
membranous ossification
the scapula and most skull bones do this
Where do you find bones that develop via Chondral ossification and how are the often seen failing/fractured
2
- found in load bearing areas
- often have specific fail/fracture configurations
Where do you find bones that have developed via membranous ossification and how do they fail
2
- found in non load bearing areas
- often seen fracturing in a configuration similar to a pebble on a sheet of ice
Classification of Long bones
3
- cylindrical shape
- main part of bone is a column providing strength, expanded ends providing transfer of load
- Resist compression when loaded, act as levers and resist tension during muscle contraction
ex: humerus, femur, radius, tibia
Classifications of short bones
3
- many sides, similar dimensions throughout (length, breadth, heigth)
- found in groups of bones that act to transmit and disseminate forces through joints (distribute weight and force more evenly and reduce concussive forces)
- One surface is always non-articular for ligament attachment and vasculature
ex: carpal and tarsal bones
Classification of irregular bones
2
- have an irregular shape
- usually have various jutting processes for muscle and ligament attachment
most typical ex: vertebral bones
Classifications of flat bones
2
- thin, flat bones
- act as attachments for soft tissues, and protect underlying tissues
ex: bones of the skull, scapula, pelvis and ribs
Classifications of Pneumatic bones
1
- Bones which contain air spaces
ex: the flat bones of the skull that form paranasal sinuses
Classifications of sesamoid bones
4
- function is to provide additionsal strength and reduce wear over joints
- protect tendon over a bony prominence (Navicular bone in horse)
- redirect course of a tendon (Patella)
- weight bearing functions (Equine fetlock)
