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Y1 NMSK > Cytokines and inflammation > Flashcards

Cytokines and inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is an inflammatory response?

A

an innate immune reaction that ensures immune cells and other substances ar brought to the infected area
- foreign organisms may be destroyed
- injured tissues or cell remnants removed
- favourable conditions for the healing process are provided

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2
Q

what are some causes of inflammation

A
  • infection
  • heat
  • chemical substances
  • mechanical injury
  • other
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3
Q

what are some disorders that are asscoiated with inflammation

A
  • asthma
  • allergies/hypersensitivities
  • obesity
  • osteoarthritis
  • chronic prostitis
  • diabetes
  • autoimmune diseases
  • IBD
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4
Q

What are the 2 main types of inflammation

A
  1. acute
  2. chronic
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5
Q

what is acute inflammation

A
  • the normal response t most forms of injury/infection
  • repair of damage/removal of infection (stimulus removed)
  • Lasts a matter of days (at most weeks) then return to normal
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6
Q

what is chronic inflammation

A
  • the wound will not heal due to persistent foreign body/infection
  • may take weeks, months or years to resolve
  • does not resolve on its own
  • could be immune mediated (Arthritis)
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7
Q

What are the physical effect of inflammation

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
  • lack of function
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8
Q

What is the first cell to respond to inflammation

A

neutrophils

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9
Q

What are the order of events in inflammation response

A

1.chemokines attract neutrophils
2. neutrophil arrives, then macrophages
2. cytokine production to stimulate other resident cells
3. mast cells activate
4. histamine and other vasoactive substances increase vascular permeability (allow cells to migrate from vessel to tissue)
6. cells migrate out of the blood vessel

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10
Q

what cells become macrophages

A

monocytes

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11
Q

what is the function of a neutrophil

A

kills everything around it (including some tissue)

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12
Q

what is the function of IL1beta

A
  • activates vascular endotheliem
  • local tissue destruction
  • increases access for effector cells
  • stimulates IL-6 production
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13
Q

What is the function of TNFalpha

A
  • Activates vascular endothelium
  • increases IgG entry, complement and fluid drainage to lymph
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14
Q

what is the function of IL6

A
  • Lymphocyte activation
  • increased antibody production
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15
Q

what is the function of CXCL8

IL8/chemokine

A
  • attracts neutrophils, basophils and T-cells to the site of infection
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16
Q

What is the function of Prostoglandins Leukotriene

A

Stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cells and neurons (leading to dialation and PAIN)

17
Q

What are the steps of the inflammatory cascade

A
  1. inflammatory cell infiltrate produces mroe cytokines and chemokines
  2. more resident cells become activated and more cells etravasate (including lympocytes)
  3. amplification of immune response leading to clearance of antigen
18
Q

What are some features of mast cells

A
  • have characteristic secretoy granules
  • are present in the interstitium (spaces between cells/tissues)
  • can be activated by the initial inflammatory response
19
Q

what do mast cells do upon activation

A

rapidly release their granules and inflammatory mediators (performed mediators, newly formed lipid mediators and cytokines) into the interstitium

20
Q

What are the affects of histamine on blood vessels

A
  • dilation of blood vessels
  • permeability of vessels
  • activates the endothelium (changing their properties)
21
Q

what are the clinical signs of histamine release

A
  • irritation of nerve endings leading to itching/pain
  • flare and wheal reaction (bump and redness immediately following bites/allergy testing
22
Q

what is a basophil

A

the mast cell equivalent of BLOOD CELLS
- only in blood
- release histamine
- play a major role in anaphylactic shock

23
Q

what is a mast cell

A
  • tissue cell
  • release histamine
  • major role in asthma
24
Q

What is diapedesis

A
  • immobalized leukocytes reorganize their skeletons
  • this changes the cell shape and they spread out over hte endothelium
  • leukocytes pass between gaps in the endothelial cells
  • the process by which neutrophils move through the peripheral blood endothelium
25
Q

How is acute inflammation resolved

A
  1. reduced presence of antigen
  2. reduces cytokine/chemokine production
  3. anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibitors are produced whihc switch off the production and inhibit the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines
  4. healing and return to a steady state conditions occur
26
Q

What are anti-inflammatory cytokines

A
  • help control proinflammatory cytokine repsonse
  • act in concert with specific cytokine inhibitors and soluble cytokine receptors to regulate the immune response
27
Q

What is a Granuloma

A
  • aggregates of chronically stimulated inflammatory cells
  • mm size range in tissue
  • confluent, forming larger areas
  • essential components: collections of modified macrophages (epitheleoid cells) and a surrounding zone of lymphocytes
28
Q

what happens if inflammation is not switched off?

A
  • accumulation of immune cells
  • chronic inflammation
  • granuloma formation
29
Q

How is a granuloma formed

A
  • macrophages act as scavengers and engulf small particles
  • the macrophages have persistent stimulation and summon more macrophages
  • process forms large granuloas

Y1 NMSK (50 decks)

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