hepatitis Flashcards
what is a cause of chronic liver disease
chronic hepatitis
what do hepatocytes show
degenerative changes (swelling, vacuolation)
necrosis
shrink
what inflammatory cells are present
- lymphocytes
- plasma cells
- lymphoid follicles
what are the causes of acute hepatitis
A
E
what virus is hep A
RNA
how does hep A spread
faecal-oral
is there a vaccine for hep A
vaccine
what virus is hep B
DNA
is hep B spread by blood
yes
is hep B spread by salvia
yes
when is hepatitis A usually seen
autumn
who does hep A affect
children and young adults
where does hep A arise from
ingestion of contaminated food or water
what kind of virus is it
picornavirus
where does hep A replicate
liver
where is hep A excreted
bile and then faeces
symptoms of hep A
- nausea
- anorexia
- jaundice
then
- dark urine
- pale stools
why do you get dark urine and pale stools
intrahepatic cholestasis
what is liver like in hep A
enlarged
what test for hepatitis A
anti-HAV IgM = acute
treatment for hepatitis A
vaccine
hep B transmission
- vertical = mother to child in womb
- horizontal = abrasions usually children
= IV drug use
= male to male sex
what does hep B look like
- inner core
- outer envelope (HBsAG).
what is Hep B core formed from
HBcAG
- contains double stranded DNA
what is HBeAG
protein formed via specific self cleavage
secreted separately by the cell
what happens to hep B once it enters the cell
it loses its coat
what can HBV cause
hepatocellular carcinoma
symptoms of HBV
- rash
- polyarthritis
- fever
initial test for HBV
HBsAg is looked for
what is looked for in acute HBV
anti-abc IgM
is there a vaccine for HBV
yes
what can HBsAg do to cytoplasm
give ground glass appearance
what is oral antiviral therapy for HBV
entecavir
tenofovir
lamivudine
what is HDV enclosed in
shell of HBsAg
what is HDV always present with
hep B
how is HDV diagnosed
serum IgM anti-HDV
what usually develops with HDV
cirrhosis
what is chronic HDV confirmed by
finding HDV in the. liver
or
HDV RNA in serum by PCR
treatment for patients with active liver disease
pegylated interferon-alfa-2a
for 12 months
how is HCV transmitted
blood to blood
e.g. IV drug user
what is HCV
single stranded RNA
what do some patient with HCV get
mild influenza
- jaundice
testing for HCV
anti-HCV test
HEV is usually in
contaminated water
is HEV zoonotic
yes
what is used for HEV diagnosis
ELISA for IgG and IgM
how to prevent and control HEV
good sanitation
hygiene
what is most common hepatitis
C
is there a vaccine for hepatitis C
no
how is hepatitis B found
only with HepB
where is hepatitis E common
in tropics
what is HBsAg
hep B surface antigen
what does HBsAg mean for the patient
they are currently infected with Hep B
what is Anti-HBs
hep B surface antibody
what does presence of Anti-HBs indicate
recovery and immunity
= means successfully vaccinated
what is Anti-HBc
hep B core antibody
when does Anti-HBc appear
onset of acute Hep B and stays for life
- indicates previous or ongoing infection
is hep A acute or chronic
acute
is there a vaccine for Hep B
yes
