anatomy Flashcards
jaw opening occurs at
temporal mandibular joint
muscle involved in jaw opening
lateral pterygoid
jaw closing muscle
masseyter attaches to zygomatic bone
what prevents jaw from dislocating
articular tubercle
muscles of mouth all supplied by
CN V3 - trigeminal nerve
course of CN V3
from
through
to
from pons
through foramen ovale (in sphenoid)
to muscle of mastication and sensory area
what is between teeth and lips
= vestibule
what are gums called
gingiva
how many teeth in adult
32
how many teeth in each quadrant
8
teeth 1 + 2 called
incisors
tooth 3 called
canine
teeth 4 + 5 called
pre molars
teeth 6-8
molars
tooth 8 called
wisdom tooth
upper oral cavity sensation via
CN V2
lower oral cavity sensation via
CN V3
course of CN. V2
from pons
through foramen rotundum
to sensory area (mid face)
what is general sensation of tongue via
CN V3
anterior 2/3 tongue sensation via
CN V2
posterior 1/3 tongue sensation via
CN IX
what is the facial nerve
7
course of CN IX
from medulla
through jugular foramen
to oropharynx, parotid gland and tongue (posterior)
course of CN XII
from medulla
through. hypoglossal canal
to intrinsic and extrinsic tongue
what prevents drooling
orbicularis oris
visceral pain
- location ?
- characteristics ?
- from?
hard to localise
tends to be dull, achy and nauseating
from an organ
somatic pain
- location ?
- characteristics ?
- from?
easier to localise
sharp and stabbing
from body wall
where do sympathetic nerves leave spinal cord
T5-L2
what do visceral afferent run alongside
sympathetic nerve fibres
foregut structure enter spinal cord at
T6-T9
midgut structure enter spinal cord at
T8-T12
hindgut structure enter spinal cord at
T10-L2
bilirubin is by product of
red blood cell break down
where does break down of red blood cells occur
spleen
what is bilirubin used for
to form bile in liver
what is portal triad
hepatic artery
hepatic vein
common bile duct
what is first midline branch of abdominal aorta
coeliac artery
where does coeliac artery arise
T12
what does coeliac tree supply
foregut
coeliac tree trifurcates into
- splenic artery
- hepatic artery
- left gastric artery
spleen function
break down of red blood cells
spleen protected by
ribs 9-11
stomach blood supply
right and left gastric arteries
right and left gastro-mental arteries
liver blood supply
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
what does liver convert
bilirubin to bile
liver protected by
ribs 7-11
how many segments does liver have
4
how many functional segments does liver have
8
name of 4 liver segments
right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
what does splenic vein do
drains blood from foregut to hepatic portal vein
what does inferior mesenteric vein do
drains blood from hindgut to splenic vein
what does superior mesenteric vein do
drains blood from midgut to hepatic portal vein
gallbladder stores
bile inbetween meals
how does bile flow from gallbladder
via the cystic duct
what is blood supply to gallbladder
via cystic artery
what is jaundice
yellowing of the sclera/skin
what causes jaundice
an increase in blood levels of bilirubin
what unite to form bile duct
right and left hepatic duct
where does bile duct drain
2nd part of duodenum
what joins to form ampulla of vater
bile duct and pancreatic duct
parts of pancreas
head
neck
body
tail
function of pancreas
exocrine - pancreatic enzymes
endocrine - islet of langerhans
where does pancreatic pain radiate
to the back
what does small intestine secrete in duodenum
gastrin
CCK
mucosa in jejunum
highly folded
mucosa in ileum
smooth
what does rectum store
faeces until appropriate to defecate
what senses fullness of rectum
visceral afferents
muscle in pelvic floor
levator ani
what covers superior rectum
peritoneum
contraction of external sphincter by
pudendal nerve
where is pudendal nerve
S2,3,4,
pudendal nerve exits pelvis via
greater sciatic foramen
during labour what causes faecal incontinence
pudendal nerve stretched or torn
what is pectinate line
junction between embryo in GI tract and part that formed skin
what is a rectal varices
dilation of colorectal veins
what is haemorrhoid
prolapses of rectal vein plexus
due to raised pressure e.g. constipation, pregnancy
what is splenic flexure
between transverse and descending colon
higher than hepatic flexure
where does caecum and appendix lie
RIF
where exactly is appendix located
McBurneys point
1/3 way between umbilicus and iliac spine
where is sigmoid colon located
LIF
what is a feature of sigmoid colon
long mesentery
what are the midline branches of abdominal aorta
- coeliac trunk (foregut organs)
- superior mesenteric artery (midgut)
- inferior mesenteric artery (hindgut)
what does abdominal aorta bifurcate into
common iliac
internal and external iliac
what is haematemesis
vomiting up blood
what does haematemesis usually come from
peptic ulcer
oesophageal varices
hepatic portal
drains blood form absorptive part to liver for cleaning
systemic venous system
drains blood from all other organs to superior or inferior vena cava
splenic vein
drains blood from foregut to hepatic portal vein
superior mesenteric vein
drains blood form midgut to hepatic portal vein
inferior mesenteric vein
drains blood from hindgut
what can portal hypertension cause
varicose veins due to larger volume of blood thorough them causing them to dilate
what is a hernia
any structure passing through another ending up in the wrong place
muscles from superficial to deep
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transversus abdominus
what is entrance of inguinal canal
deep inguinal ring
exit of inguinal canal
superficial inguinal ring
what does inguinal canal contains
- spermatic cord - males
- round ligament of uterus - female
- blood and lymphatic vessels
- ilioinguinal nerve
what occur week 7 in formation of inguinal canal
- descend of testes to scrotum
goes through all 3 muscle types
what is gubernaculum
shorter and contracts connects testis to skin of body wall
week 12 formation of inguinal canal
gubernaculum contracts and peritoneum follows causing a dip
9th month formation of inguinal canal
vaginal process has descended to skin beside testis
what is testis sensitive to
heat
layers abdominal wall to spermatic cord layers
SUPERFICIAL
- subcutaneous tissue becomes dartos muscle
- external oblique becomes external spermatic fascia
- internal oblique becomes cremaster muscle
- fascia of deep surfaces becomes cremasteric fascia
- transversus abdomens becomes noting
- transversals fascia becomes internal spermatic cord
- peritoneum becomes vestige of processes vaginalis
DEEP
what is hesselbachs triangle
inguinal triangle
what is hesselbachs triangle site of
direct inguinal herniation
what is site of indirect inguinal herniation
deep inguinal rings
what is the tongue split into
- anterior 2/3
- posterior 1/3
what is the intrinsic muscle of the tongue
CN XII - hypoglossal nerve
what supplies taste at anterior 2/3
CN V3 - mandibular branch of the trigeminal
what supplies taste at posterior 1/3
CN VII facial nerve (chorda tympani branch)
where does the oesophagus run
posterior to the trachea and anterior to the vertebral column
what are the layers of muscle in oesophagus
- outer longitudinal
- inner circular
what innervates the diaphragm
C3,4,5 = phrenic
what is aponeurosis
big flattened tendon
what is hiatus
holes
where is caval hiatus
T8
what level is oesophageal hiatus
T10
what level is aortic hiatus
T12
in males where would ascites drain
rectovesical pouch
where does greater omentum come off
greater curvature
what does lesser omentum atttach
liver to stomach at lesser curvature
what do parietal cells secrete
- gastric acid (HCl)
- intrinsic factor (B12 absorption)
what do G cells secrete
gastrin
what does gastrin do
stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl
what does chief cells secrete
pepsin
where does coeliac artery come off at
T12
what level does superior mesenteric artery come off at
L1
what level does inferior mesenteric artery come off
L3
where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain to
the splenic vein and hepatic portal vein
