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Pharmacology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 antiseptic agents?

A

aspirin
Dipyridamole
Clopidogrel
Tirofiban

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2
Q

What are 5 anticoagulants?

A 
Heparin
Enoxaparin sodium
Warfarin sodium
Dabigatran etexilate
Rivaroxaban
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3
Q

What causes glycoprotein IIb/IIIa to be exposed?

A

collagen allowing platelet aggregation and aggregation forming a clot

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4
Q

What is the final step in Hemostasis and results in a meshwork of fibrin that traps blood cells?

A

Clotting

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5
Q

What are the 3 major types of drugs to diminish thrombus formation?

A

Anticoagulants
platelet inhibitors
Thrombolytics

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6
Q

What interferes with fibrin formation and are used to prevent thrombus development and extension?

A

Anticoagulants

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7
Q

What is the site of formation of clotting factors?

A

Liver

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8
Q

What is the site of production of bile salts that facilitate the absorption of vitamin K and aid in the production of clotting factors II,VII, IX, and X?

A

Liver

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9
Q

What are two major anticoagulants?

A

Heparin

Warfarin

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10
Q

What is the main complication of anticoagulants?

A

Bleeding

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11
Q

What anticoagulant is a large, endogenous, sulfated glycosaminoglycan found in mast cells?

A

Heparin

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12
Q

What does Heparin bind to?

A

Antithrombin III

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13
Q

What does antithrombin III inhibit?

A

Thrombin factor 2 and Xa

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14
Q

How must Heparin be administered and why?

A

parenterally due to large molecular size

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15
Q

T/F: When heparin binds to plasma proteins it can not bind to antithrombin III

A

True

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16
Q

What anticoagulant is needed when a rapid effect is desired?

A

Heparin

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17
Q

What is the antidote to Heparin?

A

protamine sulfate (interferes with heparin’s ability to bind to antithrombin III)

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18
Q

What is Heparin derived from?

A

Animal sources

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19
Q

What is used to monitor Heparin’s efficacy?

A

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

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20
Q

What drug is Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH)?

A

Enoxaparin

21
Q

What is affected more with LMWH?

A

Factor Xa

22
Q

What drugs directly bind to the active site of thrombin, inhibiting its effects on fibrinogen?

A

Direct Thrombin Inhibitor

23
Q

What Direct Thrombin Inhibitor inhibits coagulation by preventing thrombin mediated effects binds and inactivates both free and fibrin bound thrombin?

A

Dabigatran Etexilate

24
Q

What is an alternative to warfarin in patients with Afib?

A

Dabigatran

25
Q

What Inhibits the active site of factor Xa?

A

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)

26
Q

What Vitamin K Antagonist inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S?

A

Warfarin

27
Q

How long is the therapeutic effect delayed for with Warfarin?

A

4-5 days

28
Q

What food increases warfarin’s anticoagulant actions?

A

Garlic, Ginger, and Ginkgo biloba

29
Q

What is the gold standard for monitoring warfarin?

A

INR

30
Q

What is a sufficient INR?

A

2-3

31
Q

How do anti-platelet drugs inhibit platelet aggregation?

A

Inhibition of Thromboxane (TXA2) synthesis
Inhibition of phosphodiasterase and activation of adenylate cyclase
Inhibition of adenosine (ADP) binding
Antagonism of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor

32
Q

What does Aspirin irreversibly acetylate?

A

cyclooxygenase 1 (Cox1)

33
Q

What does an increase in adenylate cyclase leads to?

Inhibition of phosphodiasterase?

A

Increase adenylate cyclase: rise in cAMP that blocks TXA2 production
Inhibit phosphodiesterase: same thing

34
Q

What drug inhibits phosphodiesterase?

A

Dipyridamole

35
Q

What drug inhibits platelet aggregation and binds to the platelet P2RY12 receptor?

A

Clopidogrel

36
Q

What drug is a reversible antagonist of fibrinogen?

A

Tirofiban

37
Q

What Salicylate’s main effect is blockade of thromboxane A2 production from arachidonic acid in platelets, by irreversibly acetylating the enzyme cyclooxygenase, the rate limiting step in thromboxane synthesis?

A

Aspirin

38
Q

Aspirin inhibits production of prostacyclin from what?

A

endothelial cells

39
Q

What adverse drug reaction does aspirin cause?

A

Abdominal discomfort

40
Q

What drug is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and is used for post-op thromboembolic complications and to prevent cerebrovascular ischemia?

A

Dipyridamole

41
Q

What drug is a Adenosine Diphosphate inhibitor that irreversibly blocks the ADP receptor on platelets, thus reducing platelet aggregation?

A

Clopidogrel

42
Q

What drug is the main alternatives to Aspirin for preventing thrombotic events in atherogenic patients with recent myocardial infarctions, strokes, transient ischemic attacks, and unstable angina?

A

Clopidogrel

43
Q

What must Clopidogrel be activated by?

A

CYP450

44
Q

What drugs prevent fibrinogen from interacting with the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation?

A

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

45
Q

Give an example of a Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor?

A

Tirofiban

46
Q

What kind of drugs are a major defense mechanism to localize clot formation and may restore vessel patency and flow?

A

Fibrinolytics

47
Q

What are the most important fibrinolytics?

A

tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and pro-urokinase

48
Q

What dissolves existing thrombi through activation of plasminogen activators and is used when rapid dissolution of a clot is required to preserve organ and limb function or valve function of veins?

A

Thrombolytics

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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