ANS Flashcards
What are the 2 primary chemical signals of the ANS?
Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
What is the neurotransmitter of the adrenal medulla and is in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter mediates the transmission of nerve impulses from autonomic postganglionic nerves to effector organs?
Norepinephrine
What type of receptor is known for binding of a neurotransmitter that occurs rapidly and directly affects ion permeability?
Ionotropic receptors
What receptors are coupled to the second messenger system?
Metabotropic receptors
What enzyme degrades ACh by cleaving ACh to choline and acetate in the synaptic cleft?
Acetylcholinesterase
What are the two types of Cholinoreceptors?
Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors
Which of the two types of Cholinoreceptors belong to the class of G protein–coupled receptors (metabotropic receptors) and show a weak affinity for nicotine
Muscarinic receptors
T/F: ACh has both muscarinic and nicotinic activity and decrease heart rate and cardiac output
True
What drug is a direct acting drug that stimulates muscarinic receptors, causing increased intestinal motility and tone?
Bethanechol
What drug is a direct acting drug that exhibits muscarinic activity and is used primarily in ophthalmology (used to treat glaucoma)?
Pilocarpine
T/F: Inhibitors of AChE indirectly provide a cholinergic action by preventing the degradation of ACh resulting in an accumulation of ACh in the synaptic space
True
What drug is a short-acting AChE inhibitor and is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis and injection of it causes a rapid increase in muscle strength?
Edrophonium
What drug is an intermediate-acting agent AChE inhibitor and increases intestinal and bladder motility, which serves as its therapeutic action in atony of either organ, treatment for atropine overdose, and is a substrate for AChE.
Physostigmine
What drug is an AChE inhibitor that stimulates the bladder and GI tract and also as an antidote for competitive neuromuscular-blocking agents.
Its effect on skeletal muscle is greater than that of physostigmine, and it can stimulate contractility before it paralyzes?
Used to manage symptoms of myasthenia gravis
Neostigmine
What drugs are apart of the indirect-acting cholinergic agents: anti-cholinesterase agents (reversible)?
Edrophonium
Physostigmine
Neostigmine
Tacrine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine, and Galantamine
What drug is apart of the Indirect-acting cholinergic agent: anti-cholinesterase agents (Irreversible), is a treatment of open-angle glaucoma, and is an organophosphate that covalently binds via its phosphate group at the active site of AChE ?
Echothiophate
What drug is a weak AChE inhibitor and, at higher doses, may cause side effects similar to other AChE inhibitors and can reactivate inhibited AChE?
It can reverse both muscarinic and nicotinic peripheral effects of organophosphates, but not the CNS effects.
Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
What drug is administered to prevent muscarinic side effects of anticholinersterase agents, is used for Organophosphate toxicity and overdose of anticholinesterases and can cause a decrease in secretions of the salivary and sweat glands?
Atropine
What drug is administered to reduce the persistent convulsion of anticholineresterase agents?
Diazepam
What drugs block muscarinic receptors, causing inhibition of muscarinic functions and do not block nicotinic receptors, the anticholinergic drugs have little or no action at skeletal neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) or autonomic ganglia?
Anti-cholinergic drugs
What drug is one of the most effective anti–motion sickness drugs available, blocks short-term memory, and produces sedation?
Scopolamine
What 2 drugs are bronchodilators for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma and administered via inhalation?
Ipratropium and tiotropium (more effective)
What drug is used for Parkinson’s disease?
Benztropine and trihexyphenidyl
What kind of blockers specifically act on the nicotinic receptors of both parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic ganglia?
Ganglionic blockers
What drug is a ganglionic blocker, is without therapeutic benefit and is deleterious to health?
Nicotine
What drugs help to delay the progression of Alzheimer’s disease?
Donepezil
Rivastigmine
Galantamine
T/F: The ganglionic blockers, shows a preference for the nicotinic receptors of the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
True
What drugs are used as ophthalmic solutions for mydriasis and cycloplegia?
Tropicamide and cyclopentolate
What drug is used to treat overactive bladder, blocks muscarinic receptors in the bladder, intravesical pressure is lowered, bladder capacity is increased, and the frequency of bladder contractions is reduced?
oxybutynin
What drugs block cholinergic transmission between motor nerve endings and the nicotinic receptors on the skeletal muscle?
neuromuscular-blocking agents
What drug is a Non-depolarizing (competitive) blocker?
Tubocurarine
What drug is the only depolarizing blocker/muscle relaxant, attaches to nicotinic receptor and acts like Ach, causes paralysis?
Succinylcholine
What receptor controls the release of Norepinephrine?
Alpha 2 receptor
What receptor has approximately equal affinities for epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Beta 1 receptor
What receptor has a higher affinity for epinephrine than for norepinephrine?
Beta 2 receptor
What are 2 examples of indirect adrenergic agonists?
cocaine and amphetamines
What are the two most widely recognized second messengers?
the adenylyl cyclase system
the calcium/phosphatidylinositol system
