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Pharmacology > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 primary chemical signals of the ANS?

A

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine

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2
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the adrenal medulla and is in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Acetylcholine

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3
Q

What neurotransmitter mediates the transmission of nerve impulses from autonomic postganglionic nerves to effector organs?

A

Norepinephrine

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4
Q

What type of receptor is known for binding of a neurotransmitter that occurs rapidly and directly affects ion permeability?

A

Ionotropic receptors

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5
Q

What receptors are coupled to the second messenger system?

A

Metabotropic receptors

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6
Q

What enzyme degrades ACh by cleaving ACh to choline and acetate in the synaptic cleft?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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7
Q

What are the two types of Cholinoreceptors?

A

Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors

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8
Q

Which of the two types of Cholinoreceptors belong to the class of G protein–coupled receptors (metabotropic receptors) and show a weak affinity for nicotine

A

Muscarinic receptors

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9
Q

T/F: ACh has both muscarinic and nicotinic activity and decrease heart rate and cardiac output

A

True

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10
Q

What drug is a direct acting drug that stimulates muscarinic receptors, causing increased intestinal motility and tone?

A

Bethanechol

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11
Q

What drug is a direct acting drug that exhibits muscarinic activity and is used primarily in ophthalmology (used to treat glaucoma)?

A

Pilocarpine

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12
Q

T/F: Inhibitors of AChE indirectly provide a cholinergic action by preventing the degradation of ACh resulting in an accumulation of ACh in the synaptic space

A

True

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13
Q

What drug is a short-acting AChE inhibitor and is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis and injection of it causes a rapid increase in muscle strength?

A

Edrophonium

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14
Q

What drug is an intermediate-acting agent AChE inhibitor and increases intestinal and bladder motility, which serves as its therapeutic action in atony of either organ, treatment for atropine overdose, and is a substrate for AChE.

A

Physostigmine

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15
Q

What drug is an AChE inhibitor that stimulates the bladder and GI tract and also as an antidote for competitive neuromuscular-blocking agents.
Its effect on skeletal muscle is greater than that of physostigmine, and it can stimulate contractility before it paralyzes?
Used to manage symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A

Neostigmine

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16
Q

What drugs are apart of the indirect-acting cholinergic agents: anti-cholinesterase agents (reversible)?

A

Edrophonium
Physostigmine
Neostigmine
Tacrine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine, and Galantamine

17
Q

What drug is apart of the Indirect-acting cholinergic agent: anti-cholinesterase agents (Irreversible), is a treatment of open-angle glaucoma, and is an organophosphate that covalently binds via its phosphate group at the active site of AChE ?

A

Echothiophate

18
Q

What drug is a weak AChE inhibitor and, at higher doses, may cause side effects similar to other AChE inhibitors and can reactivate inhibited AChE?
It can reverse both muscarinic and nicotinic peripheral effects of organophosphates, but not the CNS effects.

A

Pralidoxime (2-PAM)

19
Q

What drug is administered to prevent muscarinic side effects of anticholinersterase agents, is used for Organophosphate toxicity and overdose of anticholinesterases and can cause a decrease in secretions of the salivary and sweat glands?

A

Atropine

20
Q

What drug is administered to reduce the persistent convulsion of anticholineresterase agents?

A

Diazepam

21
Q

What drugs block muscarinic receptors, causing inhibition of muscarinic functions and do not block nicotinic receptors, the anticholinergic drugs have little or no action at skeletal neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) or autonomic ganglia?

A

Anti-cholinergic drugs

22
Q

What drug is one of the most effective anti–motion sickness drugs available, blocks short-term memory, and produces sedation?

A

Scopolamine

23
Q

What 2 drugs are bronchodilators for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma and administered via inhalation?

A

Ipratropium and tiotropium (more effective)

24
Q

What drug is used for Parkinson’s disease?

A

Benztropine and trihexyphenidyl

25
Q

What kind of blockers specifically act on the nicotinic receptors of both parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic ganglia?

A

Ganglionic blockers

26
Q

What drug is a ganglionic blocker, is without therapeutic benefit and is deleterious to health?

A

Nicotine

27
Q

What drugs help to delay the progression of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Donepezil
Rivastigmine
Galantamine

28
Q

T/F: The ganglionic blockers, shows a preference for the nicotinic receptors of the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

A

True

29
Q

What drugs are used as ophthalmic solutions for mydriasis and cycloplegia?

A

Tropicamide and cyclopentolate

30
Q

What drug is used to treat overactive bladder, blocks muscarinic receptors in the bladder, intravesical pressure is lowered, bladder capacity is increased, and the frequency of bladder contractions is reduced?

A

oxybutynin

31
Q

What drugs block cholinergic transmission between motor nerve endings and the nicotinic receptors on the skeletal muscle?

A

neuromuscular-blocking agents

32
Q

What drug is a Non-depolarizing (competitive) blocker?

A

Tubocurarine

33
Q

What drug is the only depolarizing blocker/muscle relaxant, attaches to nicotinic receptor and acts like Ach, causes paralysis?

A

Succinylcholine

34
Q

What receptor controls the release of Norepinephrine?

A

Alpha 2 receptor

35
Q

What receptor has approximately equal affinities for epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Beta 1 receptor

36
Q

What receptor has a higher affinity for epinephrine than for norepinephrine?

A

Beta 2 receptor

37
Q

What are 2 examples of indirect adrenergic agonists?

A

cocaine and amphetamines

38
Q

What are the two most widely recognized second messengers?

A

the adenylyl cyclase system

the calcium/phosphatidylinositol system

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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