Heavy Metals Flashcards
Free iron binds to ____, the primary plasma transport protein and distributes throughout the body.
Transferrin
Which of the following metal toxicosis causes partial paralysis of the hind limbs?
a. Inorganic arsenic
b. Organic arsenic
c. Copper
d. Molybdenum
a. Inorganic arsenic
Elevated liver enzymes (AST, LDH) 3-6 weeks before a hemolytic crisis is seen in which of the following?
a. Copper
b. Molydbenum
c. Iron
d. Selenium
a. Copper
True/False: Roxarsone is mainly used in swine and Arsanilic acid is mainly used in poultry.
False
** Other way around, Arsanilic acid is used in swine and Roxarsone is used in poultry
Which of the following is excrete in milk at high toxicity levels causing severe greenish diarrhea?
a. Copper
b. Molybdenum
c. Iron
d. Selenium
b. Molybdenum
What specimens are collected in an animal with inorganic toxicity of postmortem and antemortem?
AM: urine
PM: Liver and Kidney
Which of the following is false regarding iron toxicity?
a. Yellow- brown discoloration at injection sites and lymph nodes
b. We have an increased PCV, acidosis, and no hemolysis
c. GIT decontamination should be effective right away
d. Deferoxamine is a 2-3 day chelation treatment that can cause pulmonary toxicity
c. GIT decontamination should be effective right away
***effective within 4 hours of ingestion
After removing the source causing zinc toxicity and correcting dehydration which of the following treatments would be the best option?
a. D-penicillamine
b. Calcium gluconate
c. Calcium disodium EDTA
d. None of the above
c. Calcium disodium EDTA
Which of the following causes ataxia then partial paralysis in swine while still having a good appetite?
a. Inorganic arsenic
b. Organic arsenic
c. Arsanilic acid
d. Roxarsone
c. Arsanilic acid
Which of the following is not seleniferous plants is not a facultative accumulator?
a. Stanleya
b. Castilleja
c. Aster
d. Atriplex
a. Stanleya
True/False. Toxicity of selenium is reduced by low protein diets and ingestion of other elements.
False
**High protein diet
How long does recovery take in an animal with organic arsenic toxicosis?
2-4 weeks
Which of the following acts as an antioxidant by preventing the accumulation of peroxide by reducing glutathione?
a. Copper
b. Molybdenum
c. Iron
d. Selenium
d. Selenium
Which of the following blocks the release of neurotransmitters cuasing hyperstimulation and depression of the CNS?
a. Copper
b. Selenium
c. Lead
d. Zinc
c. Lead
Which of the following causes incoordination, lameness and paralysis in swine, commonly known as “porcine focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia”?
a. Copper
b. Molybdenum
c. Iron
d. Selenium
d. Selenium
Which of the following causes “blind staggers” in cattle with subacute toxicity?
a. Copper
b. Molybdenum
c. Iron
d. Selenium
d. Selenium
What are the three iron binding proteins for stability, transport and storage?
Hemosiderin, ferritin and transferrin
True/False: Ferric iron is abrobed from the small intestine.
False
**Ferrous iron
A farmer notes that his sheep are showing signs of weakness and notices that they’re icteric. He mentions to you that his sheep tend to get in the pen with his poultry and sometimes in the swine manure. What is at the top of your differentials for the toxicosis?
a. Selenium
b. Molybdenum
c. Copper
d. Roxarsone
c. Copper
A farmer notes that his sheep are showing signs of weakness and notices that they’re icteric. He mentions to you that his sheep tend to get in the pen with his poultry and sometimes in the swine manure. What is at the top of your differentials for the toxicosis?
a. Selenium
b. Molybdenum
c. Copper
d. Roxarsone
c. Copper
Which of the following can cause a decreased libido in bulls and infertility in cows?
a. Selenium
b. Copper
c. Molybdenum
d. None of the above
c. Molybdenum
Which of the following isn’t a treatment plan for copper toxicosis?
a. D-penicillamine
b. Copper glycinate
c. Give molybdenum
d. Supplemental zinc to reduce liver accumulation
b. Copper glycinate
Which toxicosis will you see a blackberry jam spleen and bluish-dark and friable kidneys?
Copper toxicosis
True/False: Horses and pigs are the most susceptible animals to molybdenum toxicity.
False
**Cattle are most susceptible, horses and pigs are resistant
True/False. CNS signs are commonly seen with organic arsenical toxicosis?
False
**Locomotor signs not CNS signs
True/False: Sheep rations should contain Cu/Mo at 6:1 ratio.
True
Which of the following is false regarding the toxicokinetics of lead toxicity?
a. It crosses the BBB and Placenta barrier
b. Metallothionein is a liver chelating protein that sequesters metal ions present in elevated concentrations
c. Redistributed by pregnancy, lactation and chelating agents
d. Primarily excreted through urine but also bile and milk
e. None of the above are false
e. None of the above are false
True/False: The main damage with selenium toxicosis is in the capillaries of the thoracic cavity resulting from pulmonary edema and hemorrhage.
True
True/False: The main damage with selenium toxicosis is in the capillaries of the thoracic cavity resulting from pulmonary edema and hemorrhage.
True
A puppy comes in vomiting, lethargic and with some abdominal pain. He is icteric and blood work shows hemolytic anemia. The owner believes he may have ingested some batteries. Which toxicosis is at the top of your differentials?
Zinc toxicity
**hemolytic anemia is the key
True/False: Selenium and Vitamin E deficiency in pregnant sows increases the risk of iron toxicity in piglets within the first week after iron supplementation.
True
A foal is presented for head pressing, circling, and roaring. Laboratory data shows that he has non - regenerative anemia and metaphyseal sclerosis on radiographs. Which toxicosis is at the top of your differentials?
Lead toxicity
Which of the following is true regarding chelation therapy in lead toxicity?
a. Renal injury is not a main concern
b. Calcium disodium EDTA is the most commonly used chelating agent
c. Deferoxamine should be given as a continuous IV infusion
d. D-penicillamine is the best choice for this
b. Calcium disodium EDTA is the most commonly used chelating agent
Which of the following is false regarding lead toxicity?
a. The most common source in animals is lead based paints
b. Ingestion is the main route of absorption and increased in a basic environment
c. Binds to erythrocyte membrane for transport
d. It accumulates in active bone matrix and competes with Ca
b. Ingestion is the main route of absorption and increased in a basic environment
**acidic
Which of the following is false regarding lead toxicity?
a. The most common source in animals is lead based paints
b. Ingestion is the main route of absorption and increased in a basic environment
c. Binds to erythrocyte membrane for transport
d. It accumulates in active bone matrix and competes with Ca
b. Ingestion is the main route of absorption and increased in a basic environment
**acidic
What is the mechanism of action of organic arsenicals toxicosis?
Peripheral nerve demyelination and axonal damage
True/False: The ferric form of iron is absorbed and converted back into the ferrous state making them highly reactive.
False.
**ferrous state is absorbed and converted to the ferric state
True/False: The ferric form of iron is absorbed and converted back into the ferrous state making them highly reactive.
False.
**ferrous state is absorbed and converted to the ferric state
A foal is presented for head pressing, circling, and roaring. Laboratory data shows that he has non - regenerative anemia and metaphyseal sclerosis on radiographs. Which toxicosis is at the top of your differentials?
Lead toxicity
Which of the following is false regarding zinc toxicity?
a. Hemolytic anemia, azotemia, hyperphsophatemia and icterus are all common laboratory findings
b. Associated with enterohepatic circulation
c. <10% is excreted in urine making it not an efficient mechanism for excretion
d. Kidney is the major organ of metabolism
d. Kidney is the major organ of metabolism
***Liver
Which of the following is not a state that has soil rich in molybdenum or contaminated with molybdenum?
a. Florida
b. North Dakota
c. Nevada
d. California
e. Oregon
b. North Dakota
Which of the following metal toxicosis causes partial paralysis of the hind limbs?
a. Inorganic arsenic
b. Organic arsenic
c. Copper
d. Molybdenum
a. Inorganic arsenic
How much elemental iron is there if 200 mg of iron salt (ferrous carbonate) is ingested with 48% elemental Fe?
96 mg of elemental iron
200 mg x 0.48 = 96 mg
Which organs does iron toxicity have a primary effect on leading to shock and death?
GIT, cardiovascular system, and liver
True/False: Chelation with sodium EDTA can result in hypercalcemia.
False
**hypocalcemia
Which of the following is false regarding inorganic arsenic?
a. 1-25 mg/kg is the lethal dose and is highly toxic
b. Inorganic is more toxic than organic
c. Capillary endothelial cells are most sensitive
d. Tissues rich in oxygenated enzymes like the kidney spleen and heart are the most sensitive
d. Tissues rich in oxygenated enzymes like the kidney spleen and heart are the most sensitive
***kidney, liver and intestines
True/False: Chelation treatment may increase zinc redistribution and absorption from the intestines and cause further damage to the pancreas, kidneys and liver
True
Which of the following causes ataxia then partial paralysis in swine while still having a good appetite?
a. Inorganic arsenic
b. Organic arsenic
c. Arsanilic acid
d. Roxarsone
c. Arsanilic acid
True/False: A basic environment increases the release of zinc forming soluble caustic zinc salts.
False
**acidic environment
True/False: Organic lead is more readily absorbed than metallic lead.
True
A farmer becasue he has noted that his cattle had weak forelegs and were now walking on their knees. You asked him what he has been feeding them and he mentions that ocassionally gives them corn and oats with their wheat and barley ration. What toxicity is at the top of your differentials?
Selenium toxicosis
For Lead toxicosis ____ is the specimen of choice for antemortem and ____ is the specimen of choice for postmortem.
AM: whole blood
PM: kidney, liver, and GIT
Which of the following causes incoordination, lameness and paralysis in swine, commonly known as “porcine focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia”?
a. Copper
b. Molybdenum
c. Iron
d. Selenium
d. Selenium
Which of the following should always be considered as a differential with unexplained gastrointestinal signs and abdominal pain especially in dogs and cats?
a. Molybdenum
b. Iron
c. Copper
d. Lead
d. Lead
Which of the following is false regarding calcium disodium EDTA?
a. The main concern is renal injury
b. We want to treat for a maximum of 5 days
c. IV in large animals is painful so we want to use IM or SQ
d. This is an efficient chelator for binding leading
c. IV in large animals is painful so we want to use IM or SQ
**IM or SQ in large animals is painful, give multiple IV doses diluted
Which of the following is matched correctly regarding selenium toxicity?
a. Obligate accumulators: Locoweed, aster, wheats
b. Passive accumulators: 1-25ppm milk vetch, paintbrush
c. Passive accumulators: up to 25-100 ppm, aster, grass, hay
d. Obligate accumulators: up to 15k ppm, locoweed, milk vetch, prince’s plume
d. Obligate accumulators: up to 15k ppm, locoweed, milk vetch, prince’s plume
What is the most toxic state of inorganic arsenic?
Trvalent arsenite
All of the following are poisonous plants leading to copper toxicosis except:
a. Red maple
b. Gossypol
c. Castilleja
d. Acer rubrum
e. Onion
c. Castilleja
Which of the following bind to the -SH groups and inhibit the Kreb’s cycle therefore decreasing energy and causing muscle damage?
a. Selenium
b. Iron
c. Lead
d. Inorganic arsenic
d. Inorganic arsenic
Which of the following is used as feed additives for weight gain in swine and poultry?
a. Inorganic arsenic
b. Organic arsenic
c. Zinc
d. Iron
b. Organic arsenic
True/False: Roxarsone causes blindness, incoordination, ataxia and partial paralysis.
False
**Arsanillic acid
Which of the following crosses the BBB?
a. Molybdenum
b. Lead
c. Zinc
d. They all cross the BBB
b. Lead
_____ proteins in aerobic cells ahve superoxide dismutase activity.
Copper
Which of the following has a rotten garbage odor?
a. Selenium
b. Lead
c. Iron
d. Zinc
a. Selenium
What is the most appropriate tissue for antemortem testing of an animla suspected of lead toxicity?
a. Serum
b. Plasma
c. Whole blood
d. Brain tissue
c. Whole blood
What is the chelator of choice for inorganic arsenic?
Dimercaprol (BAL)
Arsanillic acid is primarily used in which of the following species?
a. Swine
b. Dog
c. Cat
d. Ruminants
a. Swine
Which of the following is not a clinical sign of arsanillic acid in swine?
a. Ataxia
b. Partial paralysis
c. Anorexia
d. Erythemia
c. Anorexia
Which of the following is not a sign of chronic copper toxicity?
a. Weakness
b. GI signs
c. Dyspnea
d. Shock
b. GI signs
Which of the following is correct regarding zinc and iron?
a. Hemolytic anemia with iron and anaphylactic reaction with zinc
b. Chelation treatment with zinc and chelation treatment is contraindicated in iron
c. Transferrin is the primary transport enzyme of zinc and Albumin is the primary transport enzyme of iron
d. Renal clinical signs with zinc and acidosis with iron
d. Renal clinical signs with zinc and acidosis with iron
