Anticoagulant Rodenticide

Question 1

What are the four vitamin K dependent factors?

Answer 1

10, 9, 7, 2

Fun fact: in 1972 tennis balls changed from white to yellow

Question 2

Warfarin, pindone and chlorophacinone are what generation of anticoag rodenticides?

Answer 2

First-generation (before 1970)

Question 3

Brodifacoum, diphacinone and bromadiolone are what generation of anticoag rodenticides?

Answer 3

Second generation

Question 4

What is the most common source of intoxication of anticoag rodenticides?

Answer 4

Ingestion of baits or secondary toxicosis (your nasty pet ate a dead rat that was killed by these rodenticides)

Question 5

T/F: Anticoag rodenticide is quick acting and client will observe CS in about 24 hours after ingestion.

Answer 5

FALSE
Slow action (about a week)- NEVER in 24 hrs will you notice CS

Question 6

When are first-generation rodenticides most toxic?

Answer 6

When ingested daily for about a week

Question 7

How many doses does it take for second-generation rodenticides to be effective?

Answer 7

After one dose

Question 8

Which species is most susceptible to anticoags?

Answer 8

Dogs

Question 9

Which species is most sensitive to anticoags?

Answer 9

Swine

Question 10

T/F: Liver disease enhances anticoag toxicity?

Answer 10

TRUE- no coagulative proteins are being made

Question 11

T/F: Enzyme inhibitors decrease toxicity?

Answer 11

FALSE- these enhance

Chloramphenicol, cimetidine, ketoconazole (enzyme inhibitors)

Question 12

T/F: Enzyme inducers increase toxicity?

Answer 12

FALSE- decrease toxicity

Phenobarbital, rifampin and griseofulvin (examples of enzyme inducers)

Question 13

How long until peak levels are seen in the blood?

Answer 13

6-12 hours

Question 14

What process in the liver metabolizes anticoags?

Answer 14

Hydroxylation

Question 15

Which generation has the longer half life?

Answer 15

Second-generation (3-4 weeks)

Question 16

T/F: Anticoags can cross the placenta and be excreted in milk- therefore neonatal exposure is a concern

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

Which coag pathway is affected first?

Answer 17

Extrinsic pathway- Factor 7 has shortest T 1/2 meaning it is affected first

Question 18

What species is abortion seen in due to exposure?

Answer 18

Cattle

Question 19

What are some CS of anticoag exposure?

Answer 19

Hemorrhage, anorexia, tachypnea, and lethargy

Question 20

Where would you collect ante/post mortem samples for chemical analysis of anticoag?

Answer 20

Ante: blood, serum or plasma
Post: liver

Question 21

What will you see with coag tests after exposure to anticoag?

Answer 21

PT/PTT will be prolonged

Question 22

Which coag test will be increased first?

Answer 22

PT detected first

Question 23

What are three other lab abnormalities seen on bloodwork?

Answer 23

Anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypoproteinemia

Question 24

What are two main differential diagnoses for anticoag rodenticide tox?

Answer 24

Spoiled sweet clover and vit K deficiency

Question 25

What is a specific treatment used for anticoag rodenticide tox?

Answer 25

Vitamin K1 (oral route recommended)