Glycoside Plants Flashcards
What are three examples of Anthraquinone glycosides?
Coffee senna/weed, aloe and buckthorn
What is the overall effect of anthraquinone glycosides?
Purgative
How does coffee senna cause coffee colored urine?
Sk/cardiac muscle damage + myoglobinuria (kidney damage)
What does coffee senna cause in horses?
Liver failure
What kind of glycoside are turkey berry and day-blooming jessamine considered?
Calcinogenic glycoside
“Jesse has a turkey that loves to drink milk (ca)”
T/F: Calcinogenic glycosides are considered to be a vitamin D analog which lead to lameness due to bone density?
TRUE- these toxic plants will increase the amount of Ca in the body leading to increased bone density
What kind of glycoside is the cocklebur considered to be?
Carboxyatractyloside
“Carbs attract all the cocks”
What are the effects of cocklebur?
Hepatotoxicity and hypersalivation- encephalopathy/photosensitization and hypoglycemia
What type of glycoside are foxglove, oleander, periwinkle and milkweed?
Cardiac glycoside
“Oli the periwinkle colored fox has a huge heart”
T/F: An animal has to approximately eat 3 leaves of oleander before showing severe cardiac signs or death
FALSE- one leaf KILLS
What are the effects of cardiac glycoside ingestion?
Inhibition of Na/K/ATPase pump causing increased Na/Ca leading to arrest/arrhythmias
What is the Tx of choice for cardiac glycoside toxicity?
Digoxin
What type of glycoside is sweetclover considered to be?
Coumarin
“That is a sweet red coup you got there”- red for the fact that it will cause bleeding
What is the MOA of coumarin glycosides?
Dicoumarol inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase leading to coag factor def
What is the tx for coumarin glycosides?
Vitamin K/Whole blood
Cherries, grass and elderberries are considered to be what type of glycoside?
Cycogenic glycoside
What is the MOA of cycogenic glycosides?
Inhibition of TCA and glycolysis leading to
- Acute: vasoconstriction, bright red mm/blood/lungs and histocyte anoxia due to inhibition of cytochrome ox
- Chronic: neuronal degeneration/antithyroid effects
What is the tx for cycogenic glycosides?
Na nitrate –> reactivates cytochrome –> methemoglobinemia
What type of glycoside are sago plam, cardboard palm and coontie considered to be a part of?
Cycasin glycoside
“The raccoon puts his sage in a cardboard case”
What are the three metabolites of cycasin glycosides?
Cycasin: GI, liver, cancer
B-methyl-L-alanine: neuro
Unknown: axonal degeneration CNS
What does the unknown metabolite of cycasin glycosides cause in dogs and cattle?
Dogs: fatal liver
Cattle: zania stagger
Flax, rapeseed, kale, soybean, broccoli and cabbage are considered to be a part of what glycoside?
Glucosinolate/Thiocynate glycoside
T/F: Milkvetch plants are considered to be an nitropropanolol glycoside AND indolizidine alkaloid
TRUE
What is the MOA of milkvetch?
Inhibition of krebs cycle and cell oxidative phosphorylation
What are the effects of milkvetch in livestock vs. horses?
Livestock: RESP and NEURO (cracker heels and roaring dz)
Horses: NEURO ONLY
Alfalfa and white clover are considered to be a part of what glycoside?
Phytoestrogens
What does what clover cause?
Infertility in males and females
Which plants have volatile oils that are released by hydrolysis causing GI/Derm signs?
Ameomone and hellbows
What kind of glycoside is the braken fern?
Ptaquiloside
What are some effects of braken fern ingestion?
Retinal degeneration (sheep), aplastic anemia, enzootic bovine hematuria, tumors (GI/bladder)
What are the three steroidal saponins?
Agavae, grass and mother tongue
How do steroidal saponins work in the body?
Can’t eliminate phylloerythrin causing photosensitization (secondary)
What plant is considered to be a gossypol?
Cottenseed
What is the MOA of cottenseed?
Chronic ingestion leads to cardiac problems with secondary liver damage and also destroys seminiferous tubules leading to infertility in males
T/F: Cottenseed is the only free toxin
True
What three things does cottenseed bind to?
Fe, protein and AA
