Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ICC1 > heart failure > Flashcards

heart failure Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of heart failure ?

A

heart failure is the inability of the heart to maintain its demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

generally what is the cause of heart failure ?

A

any functional or structural impairment of blood ejection or ventricular filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the most common cause of heart failure?

A

coronary artery disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is the cardiac output calculated ?

A

stroke volume multiplied by heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is stroke volume determined by ?

A

pre load
after load
myocardial contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what physiological measure can be used the overall function of the heart ?

A

ejection fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the ejection fraction ?

A

percentage of the blood within the chamber that is pumped out with every heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the normal ejection fraction ?

A

55 to 75 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the aetiology of heart failure ?

A 
heart failure is a clinical consequence

valvular heart disease 
pericardial disease 
high output states 
volume overload 
congenital heart disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the pathophysiology of heart failure ?

A

an imbalance occurs in three neurohormonal systems :
the renin-aldosterone system
the sympathetic nervous system
the nariuteric peptide system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the classifications of heart failure ?

A

systolic heart failure
diastolic heart failure
mixed systolic and diastolic heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the ejection fraction in each of the types of heart failure ?

A

systolic heart failure - ejection fraction is 40%
diastolic heart failure - ejection fraction is normal
mixed systolic and diastolic- ejection fraction is 35%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when do we see mixed systolic and diastolic failure ?

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the typical symptoms of heart failure?

A 
breathlessness 
orthopnea 
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea 
reduced exercise tolerance 
ankle swelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the more specific signs of heart failure ?

A 
elevated jugular venous pressure 
hepato-jugular reflex 
third heart sound ( gallop rhythm)
laterally displaced apical impulse 
cardiac murmur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the signs of left sided heart failure ?

A 
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 
pulmonary congestion 
elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 
cyanosis 
exertional dyspnea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the signs of pulmonary congestion ?

A 
cough 
crackles 
wheezes 
blood tinged sputum 
tachypnea
18
Q

what are the signs of right sided heart failure ?

A

venous congestion
cor pulmonale
distended jugular veins
hepatomegaly
splenomegaly
ascites
dependent edema
increased peripheral venous pressure
~~~

19
Q

how would you asses the aetiology of HF ?

A

angiography
cMRI
biopsy

20
Q

how would you confirm a diagnosis of HF?

A

natriuretic peptides
and echo

Echocardiography

21
Q

what are the steps following an acute onset with heart failure ?

A

perform ECG , chest x-ray
then echocardiography along with BNP and NT-pro BNP
then if the ECG turns out normal NT-pro BNP is below 300 or BNP is below 100 then heart failure is unlikely

22
Q

what results would make us suspect heart failure ?

A

if the ECG turned out abnormal
NT pro-BNP was equal to or more than 300
BNP was equal to or more than 100

23
Q

what to do when the lab results are leaning towards heart failure ?

A

perform an echocardiogram

24
Q

how do you treat heart failure ?

A 
first with lifestyle changes 
to improve signs and symptoms:
diuretics 
Calcium channel blockers
management of underlying disease
25
Q

what kind of lifestyle changes can be made ?

A

salt restriction
exercise
cessation of alcohol and smoking
decrease in body weight

26
Q

what is the drug management for congestive heart failure ?

A

ACE inhibiots
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
beta blockers
loop diuretics furosemide

27
Q

why would anticoagulants be used in heart failure pateints?

A

thromboembolic problems may be caused because of stasis and stagnant blood flow

28
Q

what are the surgical interventions for congestive heart failure?

A 
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
percutaneous coronary intervention 
valve replacement 
heart transplantation 
left ventricular assist device
29
Q

what type of pulse , rhythm and valvular disease is seen in left sided heart failure?

A

pulse: pulsus alternans
rhythm : s3 gallop rhythm
valvular HDd : mitral regurgitation

30
Q

how does the RAAS system hav a role in heart failure?

A

first it serves as a compensatory mechanism
but later on it increases preload and after load

31
Q

what is the normal function of natriuretic peptides ?

A

they prevent cardiac. hypertrophy and remodelling

32
Q

what does preload and afterload mean ?

A

preload is the diastolic force
afterload is the systolic force

33
Q

what is high output cardiac failure and what are the causes ?

A

thee ejection fraction is normal but the metabolic demands have increased and they have not been met
anemia
thyrotoxicosis
sepsis
pagets disease of the bones
AV malformation

34
Q

what are the features of diastolic heart failure ?

A

pulmonary congestion
pulmonary hypertension
ventricular hypertrophy

35
Q

what are the changes seen on X ray of heart failure ?

A

A: alveolar oedema
B: kerley B sign
C: cardiomegaly
D: upper lobe blood diversion
E: pleural effusion
F: fluid in horizontal fissure

36
Q

what is the initial management for a patient with pulmonary oedema ?

A

sit the patient up
give oxygen therapy
IV furosemide to reach diuresis
IV nitrates GTN infusion
if all failed CPAP

37
Q

what are the types of pulmonary oedema ?

A

cardiogenic - due to increased in pulmonary venous pressure
noncardiogenic - increase in the capillary permeability

38
Q

when can we use inotropic therapies in pulmonary oedema ?

A

if there is signs of shock or hypoperfusion of other organs

39
Q

what type of congestion is associated with LVF and RVF ?

A

LVF is associated with pulmonary congestion
RVF is associated with venous congestion

40
Q

what medications are used for HF with reduced EF ?

A

systolic HF or HFFrEF

BASH
Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors
Spironolactone
Hydrasalazine

41
Q

what does s3 gallop rhythm indicate ?

A

volume overload usually owing to congestive heart failure

42
Q

what is heard on auscultation of patient with pulmonary oedema ?

A

bi basal crepitations

ICC1 (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions