healthcare associated infections

Question 1

what are synonyms to health care associated infections ?

Answer 1

nosocomial or hospital acquired infections

Question 2

what is the usual nature of these HAI ?

Answer 2

not present at the time of admission

usually present after 48 hours of hospital admission

Question 3

what are some of the risk factors of HAI ?

Answer 3

1. length of stay at the hospital
   2 .mechanical ventilatory support
   3 .stay in ICU
2. receipt of IV ab within the last 90 days

Question 4

what are the types of HAI ?

Answer 4

1. catheter associated UTI
2. Bloodstream infections
3. Surgical site infections
4. Pneumonia

Question 5

what is the leading pathogen in hospital acquired infections ?

Answer 5

c.difficile

followed by staph aureus

Question 6

what is the most important factor associated with CAUTI ?

Answer 6

prolonged use of the urinary catheter

Question 7

what is the most frequent organism causing CAUTI (catheter) ?

Answer 7

E.coli

Question 8

what is the most common causative organisms causing central line associated bloodstream infections ?

Answer 8

1. cogulase negative staphylococi
2. staph aureus
3. enterococcus

Question 9

which veins should be avoided in central line catheters ?

Answer 9

femoral vein in adult patients

Question 10

what are the most common organisms causing surgical site infections ?

Answer 10

1. staph aureus
2. coagulase negative staphylococci
3. enterococci

Question 11

what is the most appropriate measure for a patient with a known carriage of nasal S.UREUS ?

Answer 11

Perioperative intra nasal applications of mupirocin ointment with or without combination of CHG body wash

Question 12

what is the most effective approach to reducing SSI in adult patients undergoing colorectal surgery ?

Answer 12

combination of preoperative oral antibiotics and mechanical bowel preparation

Question 13

what is the best way to handle hair in surgery ?

Answer 13

hair should either not be removes of if necessary to only be clipped
shaving is discouraged

Question 14

what is important to remember before a surgical incision ?

Answer 14

surgical antibiotic prophylaxis

Question 15

what is the time period in which surgical antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered ?

Answer 15

120 min before the incision

Question 16

which antiseptic solution should be used for surgical site skin preparation ?

Answer 16

CHG

Question 17

what are the measures that should be taken into consideration regarding general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation ?

Answer 17

patients should receive 80% fraction of inspired oxygen intra-operativley and if feasible in the immediate postoperative period for 2-6 hours

Question 18

should surgical antibiotic prophylaxis administration be continues after the surgery ?

Answer 18

no

Question 19

what are the organisms involved in hospital acquired pneumonia ?

Answer 19

p.aeruginosa
staphylococcus aureus
including MRSA and MSSA

Question 20

what are the methods of reducing HAI at a hospital level ?

Answer 20

hand hygiene, PPE, cleaning wounds

Question 21

what are the methods of reducing HAI at a government level ?

Answer 21

improve reporting and surveillance systems

Question 22

what are the 5 moments of hand hygiene ?

Answer 22

1. before touching a patient 
2 .before aseptic procedure 
3. after body fluid exposure 
4. after touching a patient 
5. after touching patient surrounding

Question 23

what are the drug resistant bacterias ?

Answer 23

klebsiella pneumoniae is resistant to carbapanems

E.coli is resistant to fluoroquinolone

Question 24

which bacteria is in a threatening progress to become antibiotic resistant ?

Answer 24

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 25

which fungi is resistant to anti-fungals ?

Answer 25

candida auris