EPI and cold chain

Question 1

what are the original EPI vaccines ?

Answer 1

BCG
DTP
oral polio
Measles

Question 2

what are the newly added vaccinations to the EPI vaccines ?

Answer 2

hepatitis B
yellow fever
Haem influenza vaccine

Question 3

which disease is meant to be eradicated as one of the goals of the EPI ?

Answer 3

polio

Question 4

who is a fully immunized child ?

Answer 4

a child who received all basic vaccinations:
BCG 
3 doses of DPT 
three doses of OPV 
either measles or MMR

Question 5

when is the tetanus vaccine given to a non immunized pregnant woman ?

Answer 5

1st dose given at 6 months
2nd dose given at 7 months
3rd dose given after 6-12 months
4th and 5th dose can be given each after one year

Question 6

when is the tetanus vaccine given to a previously immunized pregnant woman ?

Answer 6

first 2 doses is given after the first trimester

3rd dose is given after 6-12 months

Question 7

what are the methods for vaccine delivery ?

Answer 7

1. fixed immunization posts
2. outreach immunization activities
3. national immunization days
4. supplementary immunization activities

Question 8

what type of vaccine delivery would be used for polio and measles ?

Answer 8

national immunization days as they are part of the original EPI

Question 9

what type of vaccine delivery strategies would be used for hard to reach places ?

Answer 9

outreach immunization activities

Question 10

what type of vaccine delivery method is cold chain the easiest to maintain ?

Answer 10

fixed immunization posts

Question 11

what is the main purpose of supplementary immunisation activities ?

Answer 11

1. areas that are considered high risk

2. catch children who are not fully immunized and to boost immunity

Question 12

what damages live attenuated vaccines ?

Answer 12

heat and sunlight

Question 13

what damages toxoid and killed vaccines ?

Answer 13

freezing

Question 14

what damages reconstituted vaccines like MMR and Measles ?

Answer 14

using them after the recommended period of 6 hours

Question 15

what damage applies to all vaccines ?

Answer 15

1. all vaccines lose potency after the expiry date

2. all disinfectants or antiseptics

Question 16

what is the cold chain ?

Answer 16

is the system for storing and transporting vaccines at the recommended temperature range

Question 17

what are the three NOs that apply to keeping vaccines in the refrigerator ?

Answer 17

1. no vaccines in the door
2. no food or drink in the refrigerator
3. no vaccines in the freezer except polio

Question 18

where should new vaccines be placed in the freezer ?

Answer 18

new vaccines should be put in the back

first in first out rule

Question 19

what is the optimum temperature in which vaccines

should be kept at ?

Answer 19

0 to 8 degrees celsius

Question 20

why are BCG and measles placed in dark ampules ?

Answer 20

to avoid sun damage

Question 21

what is the vaccine vial monitor ?

Answer 21

a method used to check the potency of the vaccine

Question 22

when using the vaccine vial monitor what is an indicator that the vaccine is no longer viable to use ?

Answer 22

If the inner square is the same in colour as the surrounding circle or if the inner square is darker in colour.

Question 23

how is the shake test used to test the potency of a vaccine ?

Answer 23

should be performed on the vial vaccine in question and compared with a vial of the same batch as a control

Question 24

what result from the shake test indicated that the vaccine is no longer potent ?

Answer 24

if immediately after shaking the fluid is not smooth and there are granular particles
after 30 minutes
a thick sediment separates at the bottom of the vial

Question 25

what indicators are used for the evaluation of EPI ?

Answer 25

vaccination coverage rate program drop-out rate vaccine wastage rate

Question 26

what is the vaccination coverage rate ?

Answer 26

proportion of the population at risk of disease who have received vaccination for that disease

Question 27

what does a high coverage of first dose from each vaccine indicate ?

Answer 27

indicates access of the population to the health services

Question 28

what does programme drop out rate mean ?

Answer 28

the proportion of children who do not complete a vaccination course after receiving an initial dose

Question 29

how is programme drop out rate calculated ?

Answer 29

first dose # - last dose # __________________ first dose #

Question 30

how is the percentage for the programme drop out rate interpreted ?

Answer 30

if the number is less than 10% it implies that individuals who have received the first dose are highly likely to receive the full course

Question 31

what does a low programme drop out rate indicate ?

Answer 31

high level of performance and good utilization

Question 32

what is the vaccine wastage rate ?

Answer 32

it is the proportion of vaccine doses supplied but not administered

Question 33

how is vaccine wastage rate calculated ?

Answer 33

doses supplied - doses administered ______________ doses supplied

Question 34

what is the relationship between the three indicators ?

Answer 34

a high coverage rate is associated with a low wastage rate and a low drop-out rate