EPI and cold chain Flashcards
what are the original EPI vaccines ?
BCG
DTP
oral polio
Measles
what are the newly added vaccinations to the EPI vaccines ?
hepatitis B
yellow fever
Haem influenza vaccine
which disease is meant to be eradicated as one of the goals of the EPI ?
polio
who is a fully immunized child ?
a child who received all basic vaccinations: BCG 3 doses of DPT three doses of OPV either measles or MMR
when is the tetanus vaccine given to a non immunized pregnant woman ?
1st dose given at 6 months
2nd dose given at 7 months
3rd dose given after 6-12 months
4th and 5th dose can be given each after one year
when is the tetanus vaccine given to a previously immunized pregnant woman ?
first 2 doses is given after the first trimester
3rd dose is given after 6-12 months
what are the methods for vaccine delivery ?
- fixed immunization posts
- outreach immunization activities
- national immunization days
- supplementary immunization activities
what type of vaccine delivery would be used for polio and measles ?
national immunization days as they are part of the original EPI
what type of vaccine delivery strategies would be used for hard to reach places ?
outreach immunization activities
what type of vaccine delivery method is cold chain the easiest to maintain ?
fixed immunization posts
what is the main purpose of supplementary immunisation activities ?
- areas that are considered high risk
2. catch children who are not fully immunized and to boost immunity
what damages live attenuated vaccines ?
heat and sunlight
what damages toxoid and killed vaccines ?
freezing
what damages reconstituted vaccines like MMR and Measles ?
using them after the recommended period of 6 hours
what damage applies to all vaccines ?
- all vaccines lose potency after the expiry date
2. all disinfectants or antiseptics
what is the cold chain ?
is the system for storing and transporting vaccines at the recommended temperature range
what are the three NOs that apply to keeping vaccines in the refrigerator ?
- no vaccines in the door
- no food or drink in the refrigerator
- no vaccines in the freezer except polio
where should new vaccines be placed in the freezer ?
new vaccines should be put in the back
first in first out rule
what is the optimum temperature in which vaccines
should be kept at ?
0 to 8 degrees celsius
why are BCG and measles placed in dark ampules ?
to avoid sun damage
what is the vaccine vial monitor ?
a method used to check the potency of the vaccine
when using the vaccine vial monitor what is an indicator that the vaccine is no longer viable to use ?
If the inner square is the same in colour as the surrounding circle or if the inner square is darker in colour.
how is the shake test used to test the potency of a vaccine ?
should be performed on the vial vaccine in question and compared with a vial of the same batch as a control
what result from the shake test indicated that the vaccine is no longer potent ?
if immediately after shaking the fluid is not smooth and there are granular particles
after 30 minutes
a thick sediment separates at the bottom of the vial
what indicators are used for the evaluation of EPI ?
vaccination coverage rate
program drop-out rate
vaccine wastage rate
what is the vaccination coverage rate ?
proportion of the population at risk of disease who have received vaccination for that disease
what does a high coverage of first dose from each vaccine indicate ?
indicates access of the population to the health services
what does programme drop out rate mean ?
the proportion of children who do not complete a vaccination course after receiving an initial dose
how is programme drop out rate calculated ?
first dose # - last dose #
__________________
first dose #
how is the percentage for the programme drop out rate interpreted ?
if the number is less than 10% it implies that individuals who have received the first dose are highly likely to receive the full course
what does a low programme drop out rate indicate ?
high level of performance and good utilization
what is the vaccine wastage rate ?
it is the proportion of vaccine doses supplied but not administered
how is vaccine wastage rate calculated ?
doses supplied - doses administered
______________
doses supplied
what is the relationship between the three indicators ?
a high coverage rate is associated with a low wastage rate and a low drop-out rate
