chemical hazards

Question 1

in what manufacture is lead high in exposure ?

Answer 1

lead acid batteries
lead paints, ink and dyes
lead pipes

Question 2

what are the routes of exposure of lead ?

Answer 2

inhalation of lead dusts or fumes
ingestion of lead dust with food and drinks
not absorbed through the skin

Question 3

what is the main route of exposure of lead in children ?

Answer 3

through ingestion

Question 4

what are the health effects of lead ?

Answer 4

1. anemia, reticulocytosis 
2 .nephropathy , renal hypertension 
3. blue grey lead line in the gums
4. abdominal colic, constipation and vomiting
5. reduced fertility in males, 
spontaneous abortion
6. neurotoxic

Question 5

what are the CNS effects caused by lead ?

Answer 5

1. encephalopathy

2. peripheral motor neuropathy (foot drop and wrist drop)

Question 6

what biologic monitors are used for lead poisoning ?

Answer 6

1. high blood lead level (more than 40 microgram )

2. urinary excretion of heme precursors as DALA

Question 7

what are the uses and exposures of mercury ?

Answer 7

1. used in thermometers
2. dental filling
3. catalysts in industries
4. mercury batteries
5. fungicides and fumigant
6. Mercury lamps

Question 8

what is the main route of exposure of mercury ?

Answer 8

inhalation mainly

but also oral and dermal

Question 9

what are the health effects that mercury causes ?

Answer 9

1. respiratory: acute pneumonitis
2. renal: proteinuria, renal tubular necrosis, renal failure
   3.neurological: peripheral sensory neuropathy
   and tremors

Question 10

what are the effects that inorganic mercury has on the CNS ?

Answer 10

personality changes ((Erethism)

Question 11

what is the health effect of organic mercury ?

Answer 11

minamata disease

associated with ataxia and hearing impairment

Question 12

what are the biological monitors of mercury poisoning ?

Answer 12

mercury levels in the blood and urine

Question 13

what are the uses of cadmium ?

Answer 13

1. nickel cadmium battery production
2. electroplating industry
3. pigment in the glass industry

Question 14

what occupations are at risk of the health effects of cadmium ?

Answer 14

welders

Question 15

what is the route of exposure of cadmium ?

Answer 15

inhalation and ingestion

Question 16

what are the health effects of cadmium ?

Answer 16

1. Lungs: bronchitis and chemical pneumonitis
   focal emphysema (inhibition of alpha 1 anti-trypsin)
2. associated with fanconi syndrome
3. osteomalacia ((itai itai disease)

Question 17

what are the characteristics of itai itai disease ?

Answer 17

renal tubular dysfunction

severe osteomalacia

Question 18

which industries require the use of chromium ?

Answer 18

stainless steel industry

leather tanning

Question 19

what are the health effects of chromium ?

Answer 19

1. irritation of the respiratory tract
2. contact dermatitis ( chrome holes)
3. lung cancer

Question 20

inn what industry is aluminium mainly used ?

Answer 20

airplane industry

Question 21

what are the health effects of aluminium ?

Answer 21

lung fibrosis

dementia and Alzheimer

Question 22

what are the types of toxic gases ?

Answer 22

asphyxiant gases ( simple and chemical)
irritants (( UR irritants, LR irritants)

Question 23

what are the three main asphyxiants ?

Answer 23

carbon monoxide
hydrogen disulfide
hydrogen cyanide

Question 24

when can an individual be exposed to carbon monoxide ?

Answer 24

incomplete combustion

Question 25

when can an individual be exposed to hydrogen disulfide ?

Answer 25

petroleum industry

Question 26

when can an individual be exposed to hydrogen cyanide ?

Answer 26

electroplating industry

Question 27

what is the action of carbon monoxide ?

Answer 27

higher affinity to Hb

Question 28

what is the action of hydrogen disulfide and hydrogen cyanide ?

Answer 28

inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, blocking oxygen uutilisation

Question 29

what is the clinical picture of asphyxiant gases ?

Answer 29

``` dyspnea blurring of the vision delirium arrhythmia cyanosis except in CM ```

Question 30

what is the treatment for asphyxiant gases ?

Answer 30

remove from exposure oxygen supply CPR

Question 31

what are examples of upper airway irritant gases ?

Answer 31

chlorine (bleaching) | ammonia ( fertilizers)

Question 32

what is the clinical picture of upper airway irritant gases ?

Answer 32

``` lacrimation skin irritation cough sneezing dyspnea ```

Question 33

what is the treatment for upper airway irritant gases ?

Answer 33

remove from exposure oxygen supply CPR

Question 34

what is the clinical picture of lower airway irritants ?

Answer 34

dyspnea | bubbling crepitations dur to pulmonary oedema

Question 35

what is the treatment for lower respiratory irritants ?

Answer 35

same as asphyxiants plus corticosteroids

Question 36

what are the acute health effects of solvents ?

Answer 36

nonspecific depression of the CNS

Question 37

what are the chronic health effects of solvents ?

Answer 37

1.presenile dementia or 2.chronic solvent intoxication: mood disturbances, memory loss and difficulty concentration

Question 38

what are the skin effects of solvents ?

Answer 38

dermatitis

Question 39

what are the respiratory effects of solvents ?

Answer 39

irritation of the respiratory tract | sore nose and throat

Question 40

what are the blood effects of solvents ?

Answer 40

benzene causes aplastic anemia after months to years of exposure may lead to leukemia

Question 41

when does the exposure of pesticides mainly happen ?

Answer 41

in agriculture | through preparation, application

Question 42

what are the main types of pesticides ?

Answer 42

organophosphates organochlorine carbamate

Question 43

what are the health effects of Organophosphate and carbamates?

Answer 43

inhibit acetycholinesterase activity | causing increase and saliva production, diarrhea, vomiting, small pupils and muscle tremors

Question 44

what are the health effects of organochlorine pesticides ?

Answer 44

neurological effects endocrine disorders reproductive disorders hepatic damage

Question 45

what cancer are organochlorine pesticides commonly associated with ?

Answer 45

non-hodgkin lymphomas

Question 46

which metal will cause auditory disturbances and ataxia ?

Answer 46

mercury

Question 47

what occupational lung disease is quartz associated with ?

Answer 47

silicosis

Question 48

what occupational lung disease is cotton associated with ?

Answer 48

byssinosis

Question 49

what are the lower respiratory tract irritant gases ?

Answer 49

nitrogen oxides

Question 50

what is the mechanism of action of lower respiratory tract irritants ?

Answer 50

delayed pulmonary oedema as they are insoluble inn water

Question 51

what is the main injury associated with infrared rays ?

Answer 51

posterior polar cataract

Question 52

what is the most probable hazard associated with working in the petrochemical industry ?

Answer 52

benzene causes aplastic anemia upon prolonged exposure

Question 53

what investigations would you ask a person working in the petrochemical industry ?

Answer 53

CBC due to aplastic anemia caused by benzene