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FCPH > chemical hazards > Flashcards

chemical hazards Flashcards

1
Q

in what manufacture is lead high in exposure ?

A

lead acid batteries
lead paints, ink and dyes
lead pipes

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2
Q

what are the routes of exposure of lead ?

A

inhalation of lead dusts or fumes
ingestion of lead dust with food and drinks
not absorbed through the skin

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3
Q

what is the main route of exposure of lead in children ?

A

through ingestion

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4
Q

what are the health effects of lead ?

A 
1. anemia, reticulocytosis 
2 .nephropathy , renal hypertension 
3. blue grey lead line in the gums
4. abdominal colic, constipation and vomiting
5. reduced fertility in males, 
spontaneous abortion
6. neurotoxic
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5
Q

what are the CNS effects caused by lead ?

A
  1. encephalopathy

2. peripheral motor neuropathy (foot drop and wrist drop)

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6
Q

what biologic monitors are used for lead poisoning ?

A
  1. high blood lead level (more than 40 microgram )

2. urinary excretion of heme precursors as DALA

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7
Q

what are the uses and exposures of mercury ?

A
  1. used in thermometers
  2. dental filling
  3. catalysts in industries
  4. mercury batteries
  5. fungicides and fumigant
  6. Mercury lamps
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8
Q

what is the main route of exposure of mercury ?

A

inhalation mainly

but also oral and dermal

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9
Q

what are the health effects that mercury causes ?

A
  1. respiratory: acute pneumonitis
  2. renal: proteinuria, renal tubular necrosis, renal failure
    3.neurological: peripheral sensory neuropathy
    and tremors
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10
Q

what are the effects that inorganic mercury has on the CNS ?

A

personality changes ((Erethism)

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11
Q

what is the health effect of organic mercury ?

A

minamata disease

associated with ataxia and hearing impairment

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12
Q

what are the biological monitors of mercury poisoning ?

A

mercury levels in the blood and urine

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13
Q

what are the uses of cadmium ?

A
  1. nickel cadmium battery production
  2. electroplating industry
  3. pigment in the glass industry
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14
Q

what occupations are at risk of the health effects of cadmium ?

A

welders

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15
Q

what is the route of exposure of cadmium ?

A

inhalation and ingestion

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16
Q

what are the health effects of cadmium ?

A
  1. Lungs: bronchitis and chemical pneumonitis
    focal emphysema (inhibition of alpha 1 anti-trypsin)
  2. associated with fanconi syndrome
  3. osteomalacia ((itai itai disease)
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17
Q

what are the characteristics of itai itai disease ?

A

renal tubular dysfunction

severe osteomalacia

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18
Q

which industries require the use of chromium ?

A

stainless steel industry

leather tanning

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19
Q

what are the health effects of chromium ?

A
  1. irritation of the respiratory tract
  2. contact dermatitis ( chrome holes)
  3. lung cancer
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20
Q

inn what industry is aluminium mainly used ?

A

airplane industry

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21
Q

what are the health effects of aluminium ?

A

lung fibrosis

dementia and Alzheimer

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22
Q

what are the types of toxic gases ?

A 
asphyxiant gases ( simple and chemical)
irritants (( UR irritants, LR irritants)
23
Q

what are the three main asphyxiants ?

A

carbon monoxide
hydrogen disulfide
hydrogen cyanide

24
Q

when can an individual be exposed to carbon monoxide ?

A

incomplete combustion

25
Q

when can an individual be exposed to hydrogen disulfide ?

A

petroleum industry

26
Q

when can an individual be exposed to hydrogen cyanide ?

A

electroplating industry

27
Q

what is the action of carbon monoxide ?

A

higher affinity to Hb

28
Q

what is the action of hydrogen disulfide and hydrogen cyanide ?

A

inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, blocking oxygen uutilisation

29
Q

what is the clinical picture of asphyxiant gases ?

A 
dyspnea 
blurring of the vision 
delirium 
arrhythmia 
cyanosis except in CM
30
Q

what is the treatment for asphyxiant gases ?

A

remove from exposure
oxygen supply
CPR

31
Q

what are examples of upper airway irritant gases ?

A

chlorine (bleaching)

ammonia ( fertilizers)

32
Q

what is the clinical picture of upper airway irritant gases ?

A 
lacrimation
skin irritation 
cough 
sneezing
dyspnea
33
Q

what is the treatment for upper airway irritant gases ?

A

remove from exposure
oxygen supply
CPR

34
Q

what is the clinical picture of lower airway irritants ?

A

dyspnea

bubbling crepitations dur to pulmonary oedema

35
Q

what is the treatment for lower respiratory irritants ?

A

same as asphyxiants plus corticosteroids

36
Q

what are the acute health effects of solvents ?

A

nonspecific depression of the CNS

37
Q

what are the chronic health effects of solvents ?

A

1.presenile dementia
or
2.chronic solvent intoxication:
mood disturbances, memory loss and difficulty concentration

38
Q

what are the skin effects of solvents ?

A

dermatitis

39
Q

what are the respiratory effects of solvents ?

A

irritation of the respiratory tract

sore nose and throat

40
Q

what are the blood effects of solvents ?

A

benzene causes aplastic anemia after months to years of exposure may lead to leukemia

41
Q

when does the exposure of pesticides mainly happen ?

A

in agriculture

through preparation, application

42
Q

what are the main types of pesticides ?

A

organophosphates
organochlorine
carbamate

43
Q

what are the health effects of Organophosphate and carbamates?

A

inhibit acetycholinesterase activity

causing increase and saliva production, diarrhea, vomiting, small pupils and muscle tremors

44
Q

what are the health effects of organochlorine pesticides ?

A

neurological effects
endocrine disorders
reproductive disorders
hepatic damage

45
Q

what cancer are organochlorine pesticides commonly associated with ?

A

non-hodgkin lymphomas

46
Q

which metal will cause auditory disturbances and ataxia ?

A

mercury

47
Q

what occupational lung disease is quartz associated with ?

A

silicosis

48
Q

what occupational lung disease is cotton associated with ?

A

byssinosis

49
Q

what are the lower respiratory tract irritant gases ?

A

nitrogen oxides

50
Q

what is the mechanism of action of lower respiratory tract irritants ?

A

delayed pulmonary oedema as they are insoluble inn water

51
Q

what is the main injury associated with infrared rays ?

A

posterior polar cataract

52
Q

what is the most probable hazard associated with working in the petrochemical industry ?

A

benzene causes aplastic anemia upon prolonged exposure

53
Q

what investigations would you ask a person working in the petrochemical industry ?

A

CBC due to aplastic anemia caused by benzene

FCPH (39 decks)

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