health indicators

Question 1

what are the characteristics of a good indicator ?

Answer 1

valid 
feasible 
sensitive 
specific 
reliable
relevant

Question 2

what do morbidity frequency measures indicate ?

Answer 2

characterize the number of persons in a population who become ill or are ill at a given time

Question 3

what is the incidence rate ?

Answer 3

no of new case of a disease occurring in a specific time
________________
number of individuals at risk of this disease

all times 1000

Question 4

what are the two types of incidence ?

Answer 4

incidence proportion

incidence rate

Question 5

what are synonyms for incidence proportion ?

Answer 5

attack rate
risk
probability of developing the disease
cumulative incidence

Question 6

what does the incidence proportion measure ?

Answer 6

the number of new cases or diseased or injured over the number of individuals of the entire population at the start

Question 7

what does the term proportion mean ?

Answer 7

that the numerator is also part of the denominator

Question 8

what are synonyms for the incidence rate ?

Answer 8

person time rate

incidence density

Question 9

what are the factors that increase incidence ?

Answer 9

increased risk
failure of prevention program
emergence of new risk factors
improved diagnostic methods

Question 10

what are the factors that decrease incidence ?

Answer 10

changes in disease etiology
successes in prevention programs
enhanced resistance to the disease

Question 11

in the setting of an outbreak which term is more often used to describe the incidence proportion ?

Answer 11

attack rate

Question 12

what are the different types of attack rates that can be calculated ?

Answer 12

overall attack rate
secondary attack rate
food specific attack rate

Question 13

what is the overall attack rate ?

Answer 13

number of new cases divided by the total population

Question 14

what is the food specific attack rate ?

Answer 14

number of new vases that got ill from eating a specific food divided by the total population that ate the food

Question 15

what is the secondary attack rate used for ?

Answer 15

used to see the difference between community transmission of a certain disease in comparison to household transmission of that same disease

Question 16

how is the secondary transmission calculated ?

Answer 16

number of cases among contacts or primary cases
_____________________
number of total contacts

number of total contacts in the household minus the primary contacts

Question 17

how is the attributable risk calculated ?

Answer 17

incidence in the exposed - incidence in the unexposed

all divided by incidence in the exposed

Question 18

how is the relative risk calculated ?

Answer 18

incidence in exposed divided by incidence in unexposed

Question 19

how is the odds ratio calculated ?

Answer 19

AD
_____
BC

Question 20

what is the difference between prevalence and incidence ?

Answer 20

prevalence includes all cases new and old

incidence only take the new cases into consideration

Question 21

what is the formula for prevalence ?

Answer 21

number of individuals with a disease at a specific point in time.
_________________
all individuals in that population in the same time period

Question 22

what are the factors that decrease prevalence ?

Answer 22

improved cure rate
increased death rate
decreased incidence

Question 23

what formula describes the relationship between incidence prevalence and disease duration ?

Answer 23

p = i*d

Question 24

what is prevalence mainly used for ?

Answer 24

to estimate the magnitude or the burden of health problems

Question 25

is prevalence or incidence used for the measurement of chronic disease?

Answer 25

prevalence

Question 26

what is incidence mainly used for ?

Answer 26

estimate the risk of developing illness

Question 27

what are mortality measures ?

Answer 27

how many people die in a specific place and time

Question 28

how is the crude death calculated ?

Answer 28

number of deaths in a sp place and time _______________________________ mid year population in the same year and place

Question 29

what is the disadvantage of crude death rate ?

Answer 29

doesn't take into account that the chance of dying varies according to age sex and race and other factors

Question 30

what are the types of age-specific deaths ?

Answer 30

infant mortality rate child mortality rate still birth rate perinatal mortality rate

Question 31

how is the infant mortality rate calculated ?

Answer 31

total number of infant deaths _______________________. x1000 total live births in the same year

Question 32

what is considered an infant ?

Answer 32

children under 1 year

Question 33

what is a neonate ?

Answer 33

children under 4 weeks

Question 34

what is infant mortality rate a good measure of ?

Answer 34

health status of a community | quality of health services provided

Question 35

how is the neonatal mortality rate calculated ?

Answer 35

total number of neonatal deaths ____________ total live births

Question 36

what is the post neo-natal period ?

Answer 36

more than 4 weeks and less than 12 months

Question 37

what are the main causes of neonatal mortality ?

Answer 37

biological actors

Question 38

what are the main causes of post-neonatal mortality ?

Answer 38

due to infectious diseases

Question 39

what age group does the child mortality refer to ?

Answer 39

children under 5 years of age

Question 40

what are the more common causes of child mortality ?

Answer 40

injuries malnutrition infectious disease

Question 41

what does the fetal death rate describe ?

Answer 41

the still birth rate is the number of still births over the total births

Question 42

what time period applies to the fetal death rate ?

Answer 42

more than 28 weeks of gestation

Question 43

what is the main cause of fetal death rates or still births ?

Answer 43

congenital malformations

Question 44

what is the main cause of perinatal mortality rate ?

Answer 44

congenital malformations | birth injuries

Question 45

what is the cause specific mortality rate ?

Answer 45

rate at which deaths occur from a specific disease

Question 46

what is the formula for cause-specific mortality rate ?

Answer 46

total deaths due to a certain disease in a year _____________________ mid year population inn the same year and locality

Question 47

what is the proportionate death rate ?

Answer 47

the number of deaths form a specific disease to the total deaths

Question 48

what is the proportionate death rate used for ?

Answer 48

used to prioritise preventative measures

Question 49

what is the case fatality rate ?

Answer 49

rate at which deaths from a certain disease happens among individuals who have the disease

Question 50

what is the case fatality rate an indicator of ?

Answer 50

the severity of the disease

Question 51

how is the maternal mortality rate calculated ?

Answer 51

number of deaths related to maternity causes ___________________ number of live births

Question 52

what is the crude birth rate ?

Answer 52

number of live births _______________ mid year population

Question 53

where does the numerator from the crude birth rate come form ?

Answer 53

vital statistics

Question 54

where does the denominator in the crude birth rate come from ?

Answer 54

census or estimated census data

Question 55

how is the general fertility rate calculated ?

Answer 55

number of live births in a year _____________________ total number of women in that year women between 15-49

Question 56

how is the fecundity rate calculated ?

Answer 56

number of live births __________________- total number of married woman

Question 57

how is the age specific fertility rate calculated ?

Answer 57

number of live births for women between 25 to 30 years ____________________________________ number of women between 25 to 30

Question 58

how is the total fertility rate calculated ?

Answer 58

child bearing period is divided into 5 year age groups age specific fertility rate is calculated for each age group added up tohether

Question 59

what does the fertility rate represents ?

Answer 59

the number of children that would be born to a woman if : she lived till the end of her child bearing period bear children according to age-specific fertility rates

Question 60

what does the gross reproduction rate measure ?

Answer 60

the replacement of the female population only

Question 61

how is the gross reproduction rate calculated ?

Answer 61

the total fertility rate is multiplied by the percentage of females in the live births

Question 62

what is the net reproduction rate ?

Answer 62

similar to gross reproduction rate but with bearing that not all women will live until the end of their child bearing age

Question 63

how is the net reproduction rate calculated ?

Answer 63

taking the age specific fertility and multiply it by its corresponding age-specific survival rate

Question 64

what is the ultimate family planning goal for net reproduction rate ?

Answer 64

the goal is for the net reproduction rate to be 0