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FCPH > health indicators > Flashcards

health indicators Flashcards

1
Q

what are the characteristics of a good indicator ?

A 
valid 
feasible 
sensitive 
specific 
reliable
relevant
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2
Q

what do morbidity frequency measures indicate ?

A

characterize the number of persons in a population who become ill or are ill at a given time

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3
Q

what is the incidence rate ?

A

no of new case of a disease occurring in a specific time
________________
number of individuals at risk of this disease

all times 1000

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4
Q

what are the two types of incidence ?

A

incidence proportion

incidence rate

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5
Q

what are synonyms for incidence proportion ?

A

attack rate
risk
probability of developing the disease
cumulative incidence

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6
Q

what does the incidence proportion measure ?

A

the number of new cases or diseased or injured over the number of individuals of the entire population at the start

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7
Q

what does the term proportion mean ?

A

that the numerator is also part of the denominator

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8
Q

what are synonyms for the incidence rate ?

A

person time rate

incidence density

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9
Q

what are the factors that increase incidence ?

A

increased risk
failure of prevention program
emergence of new risk factors
improved diagnostic methods

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10
Q

what are the factors that decrease incidence ?

A

changes in disease etiology
successes in prevention programs
enhanced resistance to the disease

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11
Q

in the setting of an outbreak which term is more often used to describe the incidence proportion ?

A

attack rate

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12
Q

what are the different types of attack rates that can be calculated ?

A

overall attack rate
secondary attack rate
food specific attack rate

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13
Q

what is the overall attack rate ?

A

number of new cases divided by the total population

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14
Q

what is the food specific attack rate ?

A

number of new vases that got ill from eating a specific food divided by the total population that ate the food

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15
Q

what is the secondary attack rate used for ?

A

used to see the difference between community transmission of a certain disease in comparison to household transmission of that same disease

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16
Q

how is the secondary transmission calculated ?

A

number of cases among contacts or primary cases
_____________________
number of total contacts

number of total contacts in the household minus the primary contacts

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17
Q

how is the attributable risk calculated ?

A

incidence in the exposed - incidence in the unexposed

all divided by incidence in the exposed

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18
Q

how is the relative risk calculated ?

A

incidence in exposed divided by incidence in unexposed

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19
Q

how is the odds ratio calculated ?

A

AD
_____
BC

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20
Q

what is the difference between prevalence and incidence ?

A

prevalence includes all cases new and old

incidence only take the new cases into consideration

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21
Q

what is the formula for prevalence ?

A

number of individuals with a disease at a specific point in time.
_________________
all individuals in that population in the same time period

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22
Q

what are the factors that decrease prevalence ?

A

improved cure rate
increased death rate
decreased incidence

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23
Q

what formula describes the relationship between incidence prevalence and disease duration ?

A

p = i*d

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24
Q

what is prevalence mainly used for ?

A

to estimate the magnitude or the burden of health problems

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25
Q

is prevalence or incidence used for the measurement of chronic disease?

A

prevalence

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26
Q

what is incidence mainly used for ?

A

estimate the risk of developing illness

27
Q

what are mortality measures ?

A

how many people die in a specific place and time

28
Q

how is the crude death calculated ?

A

number of deaths in a sp place and time
_______________________________
mid year population in the same year and place

29
Q

what is the disadvantage of crude death rate ?

A

doesn’t take into account that the chance of dying varies according to age sex and race and other factors

30
Q

what are the types of age-specific deaths ?

A

infant mortality rate
child mortality rate
still birth rate
perinatal mortality rate

31
Q

how is the infant mortality rate calculated ?

A

total number of infant deaths
_______________________. x1000
total live births in the same year

32
Q

what is considered an infant ?

A

children under 1 year

33
Q

what is a neonate ?

A

children under 4 weeks

34
Q

what is infant mortality rate a good measure of ?

A

health status of a community

quality of health services provided

35
Q

how is the neonatal mortality rate calculated ?

A

total number of neonatal deaths
____________
total live births

36
Q

what is the post neo-natal period ?

A

more than 4 weeks and less than 12 months

37
Q

what are the main causes of neonatal mortality ?

A

biological actors

38
Q

what are the main causes of post-neonatal mortality ?

A

due to infectious diseases

39
Q

what age group does the child mortality refer to ?

A

children under 5 years of age

40
Q

what are the more common causes of child mortality ?

A

injuries
malnutrition
infectious disease

41
Q

what does the fetal death rate describe ?

A

the still birth rate is the number of still births over the total births

42
Q

what time period applies to the fetal death rate ?

A

more than 28 weeks of gestation

43
Q

what is the main cause of fetal death rates or still births ?

A

congenital malformations

44
Q

what is the main cause of perinatal mortality rate ?

A

congenital malformations

birth injuries

45
Q

what is the cause specific mortality rate ?

A

rate at which deaths occur from a specific disease

46
Q

what is the formula for cause-specific mortality rate ?

A

total deaths due to a certain disease in a year
_____________________
mid year population inn the same year and locality

47
Q

what is the proportionate death rate ?

A

the number of deaths form a specific disease to the total deaths

48
Q

what is the proportionate death rate used for ?

A

used to prioritise preventative measures

49
Q

what is the case fatality rate ?

A

rate at which deaths from a certain disease happens among individuals who have the disease

50
Q

what is the case fatality rate an indicator of ?

A

the severity of the disease

51
Q

how is the maternal mortality rate calculated ?

A

number of deaths related to maternity causes
___________________
number of live births

52
Q

what is the crude birth rate ?

A

number of live births
_______________
mid year population

53
Q

where does the numerator from the crude birth rate come form ?

A

vital statistics

54
Q

where does the denominator in the crude birth rate come from ?

A

census or estimated census data

55
Q

how is the general fertility rate calculated ?

A

number of live births in a year
_____________________
total number of women in that year women between 15-49

56
Q

how is the fecundity rate calculated ?

A

number of live births
__________________-
total number of married woman

57
Q

how is the age specific fertility rate calculated ?

A

number of live births for women between 25 to 30 years
____________________________________
number of women between 25 to 30

58
Q

how is the total fertility rate calculated ?

A

child bearing period is divided into 5 year age groups
age specific fertility rate is calculated for each age group
added up tohether

59
Q

what does the fertility rate represents ?

A

the number of children that would be born to a woman if :
she lived till the end of her child bearing period
bear children according to age-specific fertility rates

60
Q

what does the gross reproduction rate measure ?

A

the replacement of the female population only

61
Q

how is the gross reproduction rate calculated ?

A

the total fertility rate is multiplied by the percentage of females in the live births

62
Q

what is the net reproduction rate ?

A

similar to gross reproduction rate but with bearing that not all women will live until the end of their child bearing age

63
Q

how is the net reproduction rate calculated ?

A

taking the age specific fertility and multiply it by its corresponding age-specific survival rate

64
Q

what is the ultimate family planning goal for net reproduction rate ?

A

the goal is for the net reproduction rate to be 0

FCPH (39 decks)

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