health indicators Flashcards
what are the characteristics of a good indicator ?
valid feasible sensitive specific reliable relevant
what do morbidity frequency measures indicate ?
characterize the number of persons in a population who become ill or are ill at a given time
what is the incidence rate ?
no of new case of a disease occurring in a specific time
________________
number of individuals at risk of this disease
all times 1000
what are the two types of incidence ?
incidence proportion
incidence rate
what are synonyms for incidence proportion ?
attack rate
risk
probability of developing the disease
cumulative incidence
what does the incidence proportion measure ?
the number of new cases or diseased or injured over the number of individuals of the entire population at the start
what does the term proportion mean ?
that the numerator is also part of the denominator
what are synonyms for the incidence rate ?
person time rate
incidence density
what are the factors that increase incidence ?
increased risk
failure of prevention program
emergence of new risk factors
improved diagnostic methods
what are the factors that decrease incidence ?
changes in disease etiology
successes in prevention programs
enhanced resistance to the disease
in the setting of an outbreak which term is more often used to describe the incidence proportion ?
attack rate
what are the different types of attack rates that can be calculated ?
overall attack rate
secondary attack rate
food specific attack rate
what is the overall attack rate ?
number of new cases divided by the total population
what is the food specific attack rate ?
number of new vases that got ill from eating a specific food divided by the total population that ate the food
what is the secondary attack rate used for ?
used to see the difference between community transmission of a certain disease in comparison to household transmission of that same disease
how is the secondary transmission calculated ?
number of cases among contacts or primary cases
_____________________
number of total contacts
number of total contacts in the household minus the primary contacts
how is the attributable risk calculated ?
incidence in the exposed - incidence in the unexposed
all divided by incidence in the exposed
how is the relative risk calculated ?
incidence in exposed divided by incidence in unexposed
how is the odds ratio calculated ?
AD
_____
BC
what is the difference between prevalence and incidence ?
prevalence includes all cases new and old
incidence only take the new cases into consideration
what is the formula for prevalence ?
number of individuals with a disease at a specific point in time.
_________________
all individuals in that population in the same time period
what are the factors that decrease prevalence ?
improved cure rate
increased death rate
decreased incidence
what formula describes the relationship between incidence prevalence and disease duration ?
p = i*d
what is prevalence mainly used for ?
to estimate the magnitude or the burden of health problems
is prevalence or incidence used for the measurement of chronic disease?
prevalence
what is incidence mainly used for ?
estimate the risk of developing illness
what are mortality measures ?
how many people die in a specific place and time
how is the crude death calculated ?
number of deaths in a sp place and time
_______________________________
mid year population in the same year and place
what is the disadvantage of crude death rate ?
doesn’t take into account that the chance of dying varies according to age sex and race and other factors
what are the types of age-specific deaths ?
infant mortality rate
child mortality rate
still birth rate
perinatal mortality rate
how is the infant mortality rate calculated ?
total number of infant deaths
_______________________. x1000
total live births in the same year
what is considered an infant ?
children under 1 year
what is a neonate ?
children under 4 weeks
what is infant mortality rate a good measure of ?
health status of a community
quality of health services provided
how is the neonatal mortality rate calculated ?
total number of neonatal deaths
____________
total live births
what is the post neo-natal period ?
more than 4 weeks and less than 12 months
what are the main causes of neonatal mortality ?
biological actors
what are the main causes of post-neonatal mortality ?
due to infectious diseases
what age group does the child mortality refer to ?
children under 5 years of age
what are the more common causes of child mortality ?
injuries
malnutrition
infectious disease
what does the fetal death rate describe ?
the still birth rate is the number of still births over the total births
what time period applies to the fetal death rate ?
more than 28 weeks of gestation
what is the main cause of fetal death rates or still births ?
congenital malformations
what is the main cause of perinatal mortality rate ?
congenital malformations
birth injuries
what is the cause specific mortality rate ?
rate at which deaths occur from a specific disease
what is the formula for cause-specific mortality rate ?
total deaths due to a certain disease in a year
_____________________
mid year population inn the same year and locality
what is the proportionate death rate ?
the number of deaths form a specific disease to the total deaths
what is the proportionate death rate used for ?
used to prioritise preventative measures
what is the case fatality rate ?
rate at which deaths from a certain disease happens among individuals who have the disease
what is the case fatality rate an indicator of ?
the severity of the disease
how is the maternal mortality rate calculated ?
number of deaths related to maternity causes
___________________
number of live births
what is the crude birth rate ?
number of live births
_______________
mid year population
where does the numerator from the crude birth rate come form ?
vital statistics
where does the denominator in the crude birth rate come from ?
census or estimated census data
how is the general fertility rate calculated ?
number of live births in a year
_____________________
total number of women in that year women between 15-49
how is the fecundity rate calculated ?
number of live births
__________________-
total number of married woman
how is the age specific fertility rate calculated ?
number of live births for women between 25 to 30 years
____________________________________
number of women between 25 to 30
how is the total fertility rate calculated ?
child bearing period is divided into 5 year age groups
age specific fertility rate is calculated for each age group
added up tohether
what does the fertility rate represents ?
the number of children that would be born to a woman if :
she lived till the end of her child bearing period
bear children according to age-specific fertility rates
what does the gross reproduction rate measure ?
the replacement of the female population only
how is the gross reproduction rate calculated ?
the total fertility rate is multiplied by the percentage of females in the live births
what is the net reproduction rate ?
similar to gross reproduction rate but with bearing that not all women will live until the end of their child bearing age
how is the net reproduction rate calculated ?
taking the age specific fertility and multiply it by its corresponding age-specific survival rate
what is the ultimate family planning goal for net reproduction rate ?
the goal is for the net reproduction rate to be 0
