Grammer Flashcards
May=
Might
#
May not
Might not
It may/ might rain 🌂 tomorrow
maybe it will rain tommorow
could
could=may/might
(in possibility)!
1- I could’nt speak very well( past ability)
2-she could be sick/ she may be sick( present possibility)
3- It could rain =it may/ might rain( future possibility )
May= can
(permission)
You can do it/you may do it
(may is formal)
polite questions for helping people:
1- May I see your ID? May I please see your ID? May I see your ID, please?
2- Can I see your ID?/ 👯♀️(informal)
3- Could I see your ID?
if you ask sb to do sth:
formal, more polite:
would you please?
could you please?
can you please?
will you please?
advice:
you should do it! - should not(shouldn’t)
what Should I do?
you (ought to )do it ! آت–> no negative
no question
you had better do it! –> had better not do it!
had better
urgency advise!🙃
باید
بایستی:
I have to study hard: (is used more than must)
Q➢Do you have to study?
P➢I had to study.( didn’t have to)
N➢I don’t have to study.
I hafta study
➢ don’t I?
I have got to study( informal speaking)
P➢I had to study
I have gotta study
I must study: in rules or parents to children: very STRONGER
NO past tense.
N➢I must not study, mustn’t
She has to study.
Q➢Dose she have to study?
N➢She hasn’t to study.
➢Doesn’t she?
They had to study.
Q➢Did they have to study?
N➢They hadn’t to study.
➢ Didn’t they?
Must:
1- role
2- parents to children
3- logical conclusions
4- prohibition 🚫
command:
open the door!
yes sir.
request:
open the door pls!
sure.
direction?
could you tell me how to get to the post office?
Suggestion:
Its hot today:
1-Let’s go to the beach ☀️
2-Why don’t we go to the beach? ☀️ : friendly advice!!!
Preference:
I Prefer apples to oranges.
I prefer watching TV to studying.
I like apples //better than //oranges.
I like watching TV better than studying.
She would rather have an apple than an orange.
I’d rather visit than live.
Would you rather have an apple or an orange? POLITE question
using and…
I saw a cat and a mouse.( 2 words)
I saw a cat, a mouse, and a dog.( more than 2 words)
I saw a cat, and you saw a mouse.(1-2sentences)
but…
1- I went to bed but couldnt sleep.
2- I went to bed, but I couldnt sleep.
Or…
1- Do you prefer tea or coffee?
2- Do you prefer tea,or do you prefer coffee?
And+ too
And+ So
She works, and Tom does too.
She works, and so does Tom.
And+ either
And+ neither
(for negative sentences )
She doesn’t work, and Tom doesn’t either.
She doesn’t work, and neither does Tom.
In conversation:
Using too, so (in positive form)
-I’m hungry.
-Me too.(inf)
I’m too.
So am I.
Using neither/either in speaking
-I never eat eggs.
-Me neither/either: inf
I don’t either
Neither do I.
Because…
He drank water because he was thirsty.
Because he was thirsty, he drank water.
Even though
Although
علی رغم اینکه
Even though/ Although I was hungry, I didn’t eat.
-er than:
-the -est:
for one-syllable adj:
old, wise, hard, safer
for 2- syllable adj:
clever, gentle, friendly, simple
busy, pretty
more… than?
the most
for 2- syllables adj:
famous, pleasant, useful
clever, gentle, friendly
for 3 or more syllables adj:
important, fascinating
irregular:
good–> better–> best
bad–> worse—> worst
the most…
the -est..,
able, angry, clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet,simple, sour
I’m older than…👨🏻🦳
I’m older than him.( inf)
I’m older than he is.
I’m older than my brother.
Her hair is longer than Mary’s.
Her hair is longer than mine.
This one is the best of all.
adverb comparisons: 1
slowly, carefully
more slowly/ carefully than
the most slowly/ carefully of all
adverb comparisons: 2
1-syllable adv:
fast in adv/adj–> faster, the fastest
hard in adv/ adj—> harder, the hardest
2-irregular:
well–> better, the best
badly—> worse, the worst
far–> farther, the farthest: for distance
fur–> further, the furthest: for distance
He works harder than I do
He worked harder than I did.
Because he wad afraid, he walked faster and faster.
more and more complicated.
If you study harder, you will learn more=
The harder you study, the more you will learn.
The warmer the weather, the better I like it.
The more, the merrier!
هر چه بیشتر ، باحالتر
The sooner, the better!
هر چه زودتر ،بهتر.
very old
very carefully
she is older than me/I am.
she is much/far/a lot older than me.
she is a little (bit) older thsn me.
as old as
as quickly as
هم سن
1-not as old as
# as old as
2-not quite as old as
3-not nearly as old as
2- نه کاملا همسن
3- نه با سن نزدیک
just as old as
nearly as old as
almost as old as
دقیقا همسن
سن نزدیک
تقریبا هم سن
Comparison:
As same as: مثل هم=
Just as same as: دقیقا مثل هم
Not as same as
Not quite as same as: ( اختلاف کم)
نه کاملا مثل هم
Nearly as same as: مثل هم با تفاوت کم=
Almost as same as
less… than
using for more than 1- syllable
مقایسه برای صفات:
She is very old.
she is older than me/I am
She is much/far/ a lot/ a little bit older than me.
she is more/less famous than her sister/ben’s.
She is much/far/ a lot more famous than her sister.
she is busier than me.
she is better than me./Her house is better than mine.
she is cleverer /more clever than me:
(able, angry, clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet, simple, sour)
-er than: older: 1- syllable, 2- syllables
more… than: famous, important
good, better
bad,worse
ترین در صفات:
She is the oldest person./ that I have ever known.
She is the most famous person.
This is the most famous person of all.
She is the most important person.
She is the best.
She is the worst.
She is the cleverest/the most clever.
The… -est.
The most…
مقایسه در قیدها:
She drives more carefully than him.
She drives the most carefully of all her friends.
She drives faster than me.
She drives the fastest of all her friends.
She played the best of all.
She drives farther/further than her home.
She drives the farthest/furthest of all.
The same:
The same as:
They have the same books.
Their books are the same.
This book is the same as that one.
She is the same age as my mother.
Similar:
Similar to:
They have similar books.
Their books are similar.
This book is similar to that one.
Different:
Different from:
They have different books.
Their books are different.
This book is different from that one.
Be like:
Be alike:
This is like my pen.
Your pen and my pen are alike.
Like:
Be
Look
Sound
Feel
Smell
Taste
Seem
Alike:
Be
Look
Think
Act
Talk
passive and active sentences:
I eat breakfast.
Breakfast is eaten by me.
Is breakfast eaten?
I ate breakfast.
Breakfast was eaten by me
was breakfast eaten?
I have eaten breakfast.
Breakfast has been eaten.
Has breakfast been eaten?
I will eat breakfast.
Breakfast will be eaten.
will breakfast be eaten?
I am going to eat breakfast.
Breakfast is going to be eaten.
I am eating breakfast
Breakfast is being eaten.
I was eating breakfast.
Breakfast was being eaten.
Get+ adjective:
becoming, beginning, growing…
شدن
I am getting hungry
I got nervous
He gets bald
The weather is getting cold
It is getting lat
She gets well
Get+ PP
She is getting bored
I am getting tired
be used to+ ing verb
be accustomed to
get used to/get accustomed to
used to + simple verb
I’m used to/ accustomed to hot weather.
I’m used to / accustomed to living in a hot weather.
I’m getting used to the hot weather.
I used to play football, but now I don’t!
be supposed to
قرار هست
قرار بود
She is supposed to call me!
She was supposed to be home at 10!
Noncount noun:
Food 🍕
Baggage
Luggage 🧳
Clothing
Equipment
Furniture
Money 💵
Scenery
Stuff
Traffic
Homework
Housework
Work
Advice
Information
History
Music
Poetry
Grammar
Slang
Vocabulary
Corn
Flour
Hair
Pepper
Rice 🍚
Salt
Sand
Sugar
Snow
Rain
Light
Bread 🍞
Meat 🍗
Beef 🐮
Chicken 🐥
Fish 🐟
Glass
Silver
Iron
Gold
Paper
Soap 🧼
Wood 🪵
Smoke 💨
Smog
Air
Time
Experience
Beauty
Fun
Help
Knowledge
Progress
For countable noun:
A lot of
Some
Many
A/an
Several
A few
For noncountable nouns:
Some
A lot of
Much
A little
Nouns with count and Noncount:
Glass 🥃
Glasses 👓
Glass 🪟: Noncount
Hair: my brown hair: Noncount
A hair in soup: count
Iron: metal: Noncount
Pressed with an iron
Light: pls turn off the lights 💡
Let in some light
Paper: some paper
A paper writing, a paper(newspaper)
Time: how much time
How many times
Work: some work to do
A work of art
Coffee: some coffee
2 coffees pls
Chicken/fish: some fish to eat
Pls draw a pic of a fish
Experience: much experience : skill
Many experiences: events
Use A/an or the for count noun
A/an: nonspecific
The: specific
Use - or The for Noncount nouns:
- in nonspecific
The for specific
The:
1️⃣ for specific words(known)
2️⃣ for some countries: The US, Netherlands, Philippines, Czech, UAE, Dominican
Republic
3️⃣ for river, ocean, sea: The Nile, Yellow Sea, Pacific Ocean
4️⃣ for the names of mountain ranges: The Alp
No Using of The:
1️⃣ for titled names: Mr, Ms, doctor, president
2️⃣ for continents: Europe, Asia, Africa
3️⃣ for most countries
4️⃣ for city
5️⃣ for lake
6️⃣ individual needs mountains
Who, that
The man was talkative. He lives next To me.
The man that lives next to me is talkative
The man who lives next to me..,
That, who, whom
The man was friendly. I met him.
The man who/that/whom/-/ I met was friendly.
Whom for very formal patterns.
that, which?
The car that I bought was broken.
The car which I bought was broken.
The car - I bought was broken.
The baby that walks is my brother.
The baby which walke is my brother.
That,-, whom?
The man was nice. I talked to him.
The man -I talked to was nice.
The man that/whom I talked to was nice.
The man to whom I talked was nice.
don’t use who, because of (TO).
Whose…
Them man whose car was stolen called the police.
verbs with -ing or not- ing?
I enjoy playing football, not playing
enjoy
finish
Quit
Mind
Postpone
Put off
Keep on
Consider
Think about
Discuss
Talk about
verb+ ing or to
begin
start
continue
like
love
hate
cant stand
would like
would love
with to
by use:
for transportation :
By bus
By taxi
By foot: on foot
By plane
For communication:
By email
By fax
By phone
Other:
By mistake
By chance
By choice
By check
By credit card
By air
By sea
By land
By hand 👏
With:
For instruments:
With spoon
With an ax
With a broom
For body:
With finger
With hand
Because
In order to
To
For
Because+ sentence
In order to + verb
To+ verb
For+ noun
Too
enough
too+ adj+for+ sb+ to+ verb
adj+ enough+ for+ sb+ to+ verb: negative sentenses
enough+ noun
If
Whether
Can you tell me if/whether she is happy?
That
Think that
Believe that
Suppose that
Hope that
Decide that
Know that
Realize that
Remember that
Say that
Understand that
Learn that
Notice that
Predict that
Prove that
Read that
Dream that
Feel that
Guess that
Forget that
Hear that
Agree that
Assume that
Discover that
Doubt that
Be afraid that
Be angry that
Be aware that
Be certain that
Be convinced that
Be disappointed that
Be glad that
He happy
Be lucky that
Be pleased that
Be sad that
Be shocked that
Be sorry that
Be sure that
Be surprise that
Be upset that
Be worried that
It is a fact that
It is true that
In YES or NO questions???
I think so/ don’t think so
I believe so / don’t believe so
I hope so/ I hope not
I guess so
I suppose so
Said
Told
Asked if
Asked sb if
Want to know if
Wondered if
Inquired whether or not
Answered/replied that
I said that…
I told sb that…
Quotation verbs:
Admit اقرار کردن
Announce اعلام کردن
Answer
Ask
Reply
Complainنالیدن
Explainتوضیح دادن
Inquireپرسیدن
Report
Shout
Stateتوضیح دادن
Write
reporting verbs
said that
told sb that
asked sb if
wanted to know if
wondered if
inquired whether or not
answered
replied
announce
commented
complained
explained
ermarked
stated
Time prepositions:
In:
In the past
In the present
In the future
In October
In 1995
In the 20th century
In the summer
In the fall
In the spring
In the winter
Time prepositions:
On:
On October 31 St
On weekday: Sunday…
On Sunday morning
Time prepositions:
At
At night
At midnight
At noon
At 9:00 a.m.
At the moment
At the present time( in the present)
At present( in the present)
Word order:
S+V+ O+ p+ T ( 📍➢⏰)
🍀The place comes before the time
🍀The time comes at the beginning of the sentences
We moved to Paris in 2008
We bought a horse in Miami in 2005
whose?
whose book is this?- It’s mine
whose is this?- This’s Mary’s.
yourself
believe in…
Blame
Cut
Drive
Enjoy
Feel sorry for
Give
Help
Hurt
Introduce
Pinch
Be proud of
Take care of
Talk to
Teach
Tell
Work for
Wish yourself luck
Another
The other
Another: between more than 2 things, you choose anything except 1 and the last one.
The other implies the last one
Other, others
The other, the others
Other: ⚪️⚪️ 🟢🟢⚪️⚪️
The other: ⚪️⚪️ 🟢🟢
Why?
What for?
How come?
Why did he leave?
What did he leave for?
How come he left?
How often
How many times a day…?
How far is it from… to…?
How far is it to… from…?
How many blocks
How many kilometers
How many miles
⏰⏰
It takes 20 min to cook rice.
➢How long does it take to cook rice?
➢How many min/hrs/ days/ weeks/ months/ years….?
Informal speech!
What do you think?
Whaddaya think?
What are your thinking?
Whaddaya thinking?
Formal writing (not more formal!)
Where’s he?
What’s that?
Who’s he?
How…?
How long ⏰…?
How many…?(times a week/ days/ miles/hours?)
How far…?📍
How often…?
How did you get here? By🚖
How soon can you be here?
How do you spell?..
How well do you speak English?
How old are you?
How tall is he?
How are you?
How are you getting along?
How are you doing?
How is it going? Great اوضاع چطوره
How are you feeling?
How do you do? In very formal at the first time!
How about/ what about ( playing, Sara)? پیشنهاد در انگلیسی محاوره ای غیر رسمی
I’m hungry. How/what about you?
tag questions?
درسته؟
اینطوره؟
اینطور نیست؟
She is sick, is’nt she? Yes
she isn’t sick, is she? No
I am late, aren’t I? Yes
I am not late, am I? No
Small talk…
A: Beautiful day, isn’t it?
B: yes, …, but…
A: Have you ever seen so much snow, rain, ice?
B: no, I haven’t. But it is really fun. I’m going to go…
Are you enjoying this beautiful day, sunshine, sunny day?
Ever
Never
Have you ever lost your ID?
No, I have never lost my ID.
No, I have not lost my ID
No, I’ve not lost my ID
No, I have not.
No, I haven’t.
Yes, I have.
Present perfect:has/have+ PP
Just :الساعه، اندکی پیش
Recently: به تازگی
She has just eaten lunch
She has recently eaten lunch
=
Eating lunch happened before now , but time is not important or unknown.
Present perfect+ many times/twice
She has eaten lunch at this restaurant many times/twice.
Present perfect:
Already: قبلا
Yet
She has already won/ she has won already.
She hasn’t eaten yet.
Has she eaten yet?
Present perfect:
Since➢➢ for a specific time till now/ simple past form sentence
For➢➢a length of time
I have been in class since 10:00 a.m.
I have been here since yesterday
I have been here since I was a child.
We have known Ben for 10 years.
using of present perfect:
1️⃣ for an unspecified time in the past:
I have been in Europe many times/once/ several times/a couple of times.☞ I was in Europe last year/ in 2023
2️⃣ if the activity may happen again: من چندین بار اروپا رفته ام!
3️⃣ if the activity began in the past, and continues to the present
Present perfect progressive:
Have/has+ been+ verb ing
I am driving right now. I have been driving for 2 hours/since 9:00 Oclock
دو ساعته دارم رانندگی میکنم
Non progressive verbs:
NO ing
Believe
Know
Understand
Like
Need
Want
Prefer
Hear
Sound
Remember
Forget
Agree
Disagree
Own
Belong
Verbs with nonprogressive and progressive form
Be
Feel
Have
Look
Love
See
Smell
Verbs with present perfect and present perfect progressive:
Teach
Play
Live
Study
Work
Wear glasses 👓
Past perfect:
Had+pp
⭐︎She had left when Tom arrived.
⭐︎By the time Tom arrived, she had
already left.
⭐︎She had left/left before Tom arrived.
⭐︎Tom arrived after she had left/left
Future:
Will
Be going to
Shall:
In formal: I shall go, we shall go.
Future:
100% sure:
➢She will come to class/ she won’t come
➢she is going to come to class/ she isn’t going to come
90% sure:
➢She will probably come to class/ she probably won’t come to class
➢She is probably going to come to class/She probably isn’t going to come to class
50% sure:
➢She may come to class, she may not come to class
➢maybe she will come to class, and maybe she won’t.
Future:
Present progressive vs. going to:
Use present progressive instead of “be going to “in definite plans for the future:( not prediction)
I am going to come to the party tomorrow.
I am coming to the party tomorrow .
Using some verbs as simple present instead of present progressive :
Arrive: I arrive tomorrow morning.
Leave
Start
Begin
End
Finish
Open
Close
Be
Be about to
I am about to leave for the airport
The movie is about to begin.
While
When
In past progressive
When she came, I was playing guitar
While I was playing, she came.
After I finished my work, I went to bed
I went to bed after I finished my work.
Used to…
I used to smoke, but I don’t anymore.
قبلا
I used to…
Did you used to/use to..?
I didn’t used to/use to
Frequent adverbs:
Always
Almost always
Always, almost always(100%_99%):
I always drink coffee
I don’t always drink coffee.
Do you always drink coffee?
She is always on time.
Frequent verbs:
Usually
Often
Frequently
Generally
Sometimes
Occasionally
I usually play the game./ I usually don’t play the game.
Usually, I play the game.
I play the game usually.
Frequent verbs:( are used between subject and verb)
Seldom
Rarely
Hardly ever
Almost never
Never
Not ever
I never play football
I don’t ever play football.
Do you ever play football?
