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Glossary Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

abiotic factors

A

Non living factors

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2
Q

Accuired variations

A

are not inherited but are learned or developed during life

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3
Q

Active immunity

A

the production of a persons own anitbodies in response to foreign antigens that enter the body

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4
Q

Active site

A

the part of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

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5
Q

Active transport

A

Energy (in the form of ATP) is used to move molecules, often against a concentration gradient, i.e from low concentrations to high concentrations

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6
Q

Adaption

A

any alteration that improves an organisms chances of survival and reproduction

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7
Q

Adhesion

A

occurs when different molecules stick together

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8
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

the controlled release of energy from food using oxygen
pg133

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9
Q

Alleles

A

Different (or alternative) forms of the same gene
pg191

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10
Q

All or nothing law

A

states that if the threshold is reached an impulse is carried, but if the threshold is not reached no impulse is carried.
pg378

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11
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

use energy to convert smaller molecules into larger molecules
pg24

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12
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

The controlled release of energy from food without the use of oxygen
pg135

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13
Q

Antagonistic pair

A

two muscles that have opposite effects to each other
pg415

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14
Q

Antibiotics

A

chemicals produced by micro-organisms that stop the growth of, or kill, other micro-organisms without damaging human tissue
pg244

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15
Q

Antibody

A

a protein produced by white blood cells(called lymphocytes) in response to a specific antigen
pg423

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16
Q

anticodon

A

a sequence of three bases (a triplet) on tRNA that are complementary to a sequence of three bases on mRNA
pg182

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17
Q

Antigen

A

A foreign molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies
pg 423

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18
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

composed of the limbs(arms and legs),the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and the pelvic (hip) girdle
pg 409

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19
Q

artificial active immunity

A

occurs when a pathogen is medically introduced into the body
pg 424

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20
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

occurs when a person is given an injection containing antibodies made by another organism
pg 425

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21
Q

Aseptic or asepsis

A

means that measures are taken to exclude unwanted micro-organisms
pg256

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22
Q

asexual reproduction

A

involves only one parent
pg14, 438

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23
Q

autotrophic (organism)

A

one that makes its own food
pg241

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24
Q

axial skeleton

A

consists of the skull,spine,ribs,and sternum (breastbone)
pg408

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25
Q

Bacteriophage or phage

A

a virus that infects bacteria
pg433

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26
Q

balanced diet

A

contains all the necessary food types in the correct proportions
pg239

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27
Q

batch culture

A

the growth of cells in a sealed container (or bioreactor) over a short period of time and under ideal conditions until all the nutrients are used up
pg246

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28
Q

biogenesis

A

living things arise from other living things of the same type. Also called continuity of life
pg11

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29
Q

biology

A

study of all living things
pg2

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30
Q

Biomolecules

A

chemicals that are made inside a living thing
pg16

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31
Q

bioprocessing

A

the use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product
pg105

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32
Q

bioreactor

A

a vessel or container in whhich living cells or their products are used to make a product
pg105, 247

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33
Q

biosphere

A

the part of the planet containing living organisms
pg32

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34
Q

biotechnology

A

the use of living things or their components (especially cells and enzymes) to mamufacture useful products or to carry out useful reactions
pg136

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35
Q

biotic factors

A

living factors
pg34

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36
Q

birth control

A

methods taken to limit the number of children that are born
pg482

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37
Q

blastocyst or blastula

A

a hollow ball of cells formed from a morula
pg479

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38
Q

Blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels (mainly the arteries).

pages 302, 308

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39
Q

Bud

A

a potential growth point that may develop into a shoot, a leaf or a flower.

page 267

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40
Q

Bulb

A

a modified bud.

page 461

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41
Q

Cancer

A

a group of disorders in which certain cells lose their ability to control both the rate of mitosis and the number of times mitosis takes place.

page 160

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42
Q

Carnivores

A

animals that feed mainly on animals.
Examples are dogs, cats and ladybirds.

page 320

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43
Q

Carpels

A

the female parts of the flower.

page 439

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44
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

release energy when a complex molecule is broken down to a simpler form.

page 24

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45
Q

Catalyst

A

a substance that speeds up a reaction, without itself being used up in the reaction.

page 103

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46
Q

Cell continuity

A

all cells develop from pre-existing cells.

page 155

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47
Q

Cell cycle

A

the changes that take place in a cell during the period between one cell division and the next.

page 157

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48
Q

Cellular energy

A

the energy stored in the bonds of biomolecules.

page 102

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49
Q

Centromere

A

the point at which the chromosomes are attached in a double-stranded chromosome.

page 162

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50
Q

Characteristics

A

characteristics traits or features that are inherited genetically.

page 170

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51
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

the production of food using energy released from chemical reactions.

page 241

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52
Q

chemotropism

A

a change in growth of a plant in response to chemicals.

page 365

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53
Q

Chromatin

A

the name given to chromosomes when they are elongated and not dividing,

page 87

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54
Q

Chromosomes

A

coiled threads of DNA (which forms genes) and protein that become visible in the nucleus at cell division.

page 155

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55
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

a large change in the structure or number of one or more chromosomes.

page 215

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56
Q

Classification

A

placing objects into groups based on similar characteristics.

page 212

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57
Q

Climatic factors

A

refer to weather over a long period of time.

page 34

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58
Q

Cloning

A

the production of identical copies of the bacterium (containing the target gene).

page 226

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59
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels.

page 300

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60
Q

Codon or Triplet

A

) a sequence of three bases in
DNA (or RNA) that act as a code for an amino acid.

page 172

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61
Q

Cohesion

A

the sticking of similar molecules to each other.

page 285

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62
Q

Community

A

all the different populations in an area.

page 33

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63
Q

Competition

A

occurs when organisms actively struggle for a resource that is in short supply.

page 51

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64
Q

Conclusion

A

a summary of the results of an experiment.

page 3

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65
Q

Conservation

A

the wise management of the existing natural resources in an ecosystem, in order to maintain a wide range of habitats and prevent the death and extinction of organisms.

page 42

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66
Q

Consumers

A

organisms that take in food from another organism.

page 36

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67
Q

Contest competition

A

an active physical contest between two individual organisms.

page 52

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68
Q

Continuity of life/biogenesis

A

living things arise from other living things of the same type. This is also called biogenesis.

page 11

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69
Q

Continous flow

A

(food processing) the growth of cells in an open container (or bioreactor), where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid and the number of cells.

page 247

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70
Q

Contraception

A

the deliberate prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy.

page 482

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71
Q

Control

A

used to provide a comparison (or standard) against which the actual experiment can be judged.

page 5

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72
Q

Copulation

A

the act of sexual intercourse.

page 475

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73
Q

Cotyledon

A

a seed leaf.

pages 272, 445

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74
Q

cross-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on a different plant.

page 443

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75
Q

Cutting

A

a portion of a plant that is removed from the parent plant and grown into a new, independent plant.

page 462

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76
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the living material in a cell outside the nucleus.

page 85

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77
Q

Data

A

the measurements, observations or information gathered from experiments.

page 3

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78
Q

Decomposers

A

organisms that feed on dead organic matter

pg 36

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79
Q

Denatured enxzyme

A

one that has lost its shape and can no longer carry out its function.

pages 104, 115

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80
Q

Denitrification

A

the conversion of nitrates to nitrogen gas.

page 40

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81
Q

Detrius feeders

A

organisms that feed on small pieces of dead organic matter.

page 36

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82
Q

Diastole

A

when the heart chambers relax.

page 307

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83
Q

Diffusion

A

the spreading out of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

page 147

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84
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

dihybrid cross involves the study of two characteristics.

page 197

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85
Q

Diploid cell

A

one that has two sets of chromosomes, i.e. it has two of each type of chromosome in the nucleus.

page 156

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86
Q

Dispersal

A

the transfer of a seed or fruit away from the parent plant.

page 447

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87
Q

DNA profile

A

DNA profile (also called a DNA or genetic fingerprint) a method of making a unique pattern of bands from the DNA of a person, which can then be used to compare with the DNA profile of another person.

page 174

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88
Q

Dominant

A

the allele that prevents the recessive allele from being expressed.

page 191

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89
Q

Dormancy

A

a resting period when seeds undergo no growth and have reduced cell activity or metabolism.

page 449

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90
Q

Double blind

A

both the investigator and the participant are unaware of the nature of the treatment the participant is receiving. page 6

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91
Q

Ecological niche

A

(of an organism) the functional role it plays in the community.

page 38

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92
Q

Ecology

A

the study of the interactions between living things (organisms) and between organisms and their environment.

page 32

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93
Q

Ecosystem

A

a group of clearly distinguished organisms that interact with their environment as a unit.

page 32

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94
Q

Ectotherms

A

gain or lose heat from or to their external environment.

page 349

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95
Q

Edaphic factors

A

edaphic factors relate to soil.

page 34

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96
Q

Ejaculation

A

the release of semen from the penis.
page 475

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97
Q

Endocrine gland

A

a ductless gland that produces hormones, which are released directly into the bloodstream.

page 398

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98
Q

Endospermic seed

A

contains some endosperm when fully formed.

page 445

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99
Q

Endotherms

A

generate their own heat from metabolic reactions.

page 349

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100
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that speed up a reaction without being used up in the reaction.

page 103

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101
Q

Enzyme specificity

A

each enzyme will react with only one particular substrate.

page 115

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102
Q

Ethics

A

Relate to whether conduct is right or wrong

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103
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and cell organelles, all of which are enclosed by membranes.

page 89

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104
Q

Evolution

A

the way in which living things change genetically to produce new forms of life over long periods of time.

page 216

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105
Q

Excretion

A

the removal of waste products of metabolism from the body.

page 13

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106
Q

Exhalation

A

breathing out.

page 342

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107
Q

Exocrine glands

A

release their product into ducts or tubes.

page 398

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108
Q

Experiment

A

a test for a hypothesis.

pages 3, 4

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109
Q

Expression

A

expression the formation of the product by the organism with the recombinant DNA.

page 226

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110
Q

Facultative parasite

A

facultative parasite can get its food from a live or a dead host.

page 251

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111
Q

Fauna

A

fauna all the animals in an ecosystem. page 36

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112
Q

Fermentation

A

fermentation another name for anaerobic respiration.

page 135

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113
Q

Fertilisation

A

the union of the male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote.

pages 190, 444, 475

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114
Q

Filtration

A

water and small molecules pass (under high pressure) from the blood into the nephron.

page 355

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115
Q

Flora

A

all the plants in an ecosystem.

page 36

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116
Q

Food chain, Grazing food chain

A

) a sequence of organisms in which each one is eaten by the next member in the chain.

page 36

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117
Q

Food web

A

food web two or more interlinked food chains.
page 37

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118
Q

Forensic medicine

A

the way in which medical knowledge is used in legal situations.

page 175

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119
Q

Fossil

A

the remains of something that lived a long time ago (or some indication of something that lived a long time ago).

page 218

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120
Q

Frequency

A

the chance of finding a named species with any one throw of a quadrat.

page 73

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121
Q

Fruit

A

a developed ovary. page 446

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122
Q

Gametes

A

haploid cells capable of fusion.

pages 190,
439

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123
Q

Ganglion (plural ganglia)

A

(plural: ganglia) a group of cell bodies located outside the CNS.

page 377

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124
Q

Gene

A

a section of DNA that contains the instructions for the formation of a protein.

pages 156, 169

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125
Q

Gene expression

A

the way in which the genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell and used to make a protein.

page 169

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126
Q

Gene or Point Mutation

A

a change in a single gene.

page 215

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127
Q

General Defence systen

A

acts as a barrier to all pathogens attempting to gain entry to the human body.

page 420

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128
Q

Genetic Code

A

the sequence of bases in DNA that provide the instruction for a cell (using RNA) to form a protein.

page 172

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129
Q

Genetic engineering

A

the artificial manipulation or alteration of genes.

page 223

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130
Q

Genetic screening

A

testing DNA for the presence or absence of a particular gene or an altered gene.
page 177

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131
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic make-up of an organism, i.e. the genes that are present

page 191

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132
Q

Geotropism

A

(or gravitropism) the change in growth of a plant in response to gravity.
page 365

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133
Q

Germination

A

the regrowth of the embryo, after a period of dormancy, if the environmental conditions are suitable.

page 449

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134
Q

Germ Layers

A

basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which all adult tissues and organs will form.

page 479

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135
Q

Gestation

A

the length of time spent in the uterus from fertilisation to birth.

page 480

136
Q

Glycolisis

A

the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

page 138

137
Q

Gonad

A

an organ that produces sex cells in animals.

page 467

138
Q

Grafting

A

the joining and uniting of part of one plant with a second plant.

page 462

139
Q

Growth inhibitor

A

a chemical that causes a reduction in growth of plants.

page 367

140
Q

Growth plate

A

the area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis in a long bone within which bone growth occurs.

page 411

141
Q

Growth Promoter

A

a chemical that causes increased growth in plants.

page 366

142
Q

Growth regulator

A

a chemical that controls the growth of a plant.

page 365

143
Q

Habitat

A

the place where a plant or an animal lives (and is also the local area of study).

pages 33, 65

144
Q

Haploid cell

A

one that has one set of chromosomes, i.e. it has only one of each type of chromosome in the nucleus.

page 156

145
Q

Helper T cells

A

stimulate B cells and killer T cells.

page 427

146
Q

Herbaceous plants

A

herbaceous plants do not contain wood (or lignin).

page 267

147
Q

Herbivores

A

animals that feed mainly on plants.
Examples are sheep, cattle and rabbits. page 320

148
Q

Hereditary

A

the passing on of features from parents to offspring by means of genes.

page 169

149
Q

Heterotrophic organism

A

one that takes in food made by other organisms.

page 241

150
Q

Heterozygous

A

the alleles are different.

page 192

151
Q

Homeostasis

A

the ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment.

page 334

152
Q

Homolougous pair

A

two chromosomes of similar size with the same sequence of genes.

page 156

153
Q

Homozygous

A

two alleles that are identical.

page 192

154
Q

Hormone

A

a chemical messenger produced by an endocrine gland and carried by the bloodstream to another part of the body, where it has a specific effect.

page 399

155
Q

Hydrotropism

A

a change in growth of a plant in response to water.

page 365

156
Q

Hypha

A

hypha a tube or filament in a fungus.

page 251

157
Q

Hypothesis

A

an educated guess based on observations. page 3

158
Q

Immobilized enzymes

A

are attached, or fixed, to each other, or to an inert material. page 105

159
Q

Immunisation

A

occurs when we produce or are injected with antibodies against a pathogen.
page 425

160
Q

Immunity

A

the ability to resist infection.

page 420

161
Q

Implantation

A

the embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus.

page 476

162
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

neither allele is dominant or recessive with respect to the other. Both alleles are equally expressed in the heterozygous genotype to produce an intermediate phenotype.

page 193

163
Q

Induced immunity

A

the ability to resist disease caused by specific pathogens by the production of antibodies.

page 424

164
Q

Infertility

A

the inability to produce offspring.
page 469

165
Q

Inhalation

A

breathing in. page 341

166
Q

Inherited variations

A

inherited variations are controlled by genes.

page 213

167
Q

Insemination

A

the release of semen into the vagina, just outside the cervix.

page 475

168
Q

Interneuron/intermediate relay/association neuron

A

interneuron (also called an intermediate, relay or association neuron)

carries information between sensory and motor neurons.

page 377

169
Q

Internode

A

the region on a stem between two nodes.

page 267

170
Q

Interphase

A

the phase in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing.

page 157

171
Q

Inter-specific competition

A

inter-specific competition occurs between members of different species. page 51

172
Q

Intra-specific competition

A

intra-specific competition occurs between members of the same species. page 51

173
Q

In-vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A

removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them outside the body.
page 477

174
Q

Isolation

A

the removal of the chromosome (containing the target gene) from the human cell and the plasmid DNA from the bacterium.

page 225

175
Q

Joint

A

where two or more bones meet.
page

413

176
Q

Key

A

a means of naming organisms by answering a series of questions with alternative answers.

page 69

177
Q

Killer T cells

A

killer T cells destroy abnormal human body cells.
page 427

178
Q

Lactation

A

the secretion of milk by the mammary glands (breasts) of the female.

page 482

179
Q

Larynx

A

the voice box. page 339

180
Q

Law or Principle

A

arises from a theory that has been shown to be valid when fully tested over a long period of time.

page 4

181
Q

law of independent assortment states that:

A

when gametes are formed either of a pair of alleles is equally likely to combine with either of another pair of alleles. page 197

182
Q

Law of Segregation (Mendels first law) states that:

A

• Inherited characteristics are controlled by pairs of alleles.

• These alleles segregate (or separate) from each other at gamete formation, with only one member of the pair being found in each gamete.

page 196

183
Q

Layering

A

the growth of a new plant from a stem that is still attached to the parent plant.

page 463

184
Q

Lenticels

A

openings in the stems of plants that allow gas exchange.

pages 267, 284

185
Q

LIFE

A

the possession of all the following characteristics:
organised,
requiring nutrition and excretion,
capable of responding
and reproducing.

page 12

186
Q

Ligaments

A

strong, fibrous, slightly elastic tissues that connect bone to bone.

page 414

187
Q

Ligation

A

the joining of two sections of DNA to form a single strand.

page 225

188
Q

Lignin

A

a strengthening material found in some plant cell walls.

page 270

189
Q

Linkage genes

A

linkage genes are located on the same chromosome.

page 200

190
Q

Locus (of a gene)

A

its position on a chromosome.
page 191

191
Q

Meiosis

A

a form of nuclear division in which the four daughter nuclei contain half the chromosome number of the parent nucleus.

page 161

192
Q

Memory B cells

A

memory B cells survive for years after the infection is eliminated and can make the specific antibody if the same infection later enters the body.

page 427

193
Q

Memory T cells

A

memory T cells survive for years after the infection is eliminated and can stimulate the specific B cells and killer T cells if the same infection later enters the body.

page 428

194
Q

Menopause

A

when ovulation and menstruation stop happening in a female.

page 471

195
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

a series of events that occurs every 28 days on average in the female if fertilisation has not taken place.

page 471

196
Q

Menstruation

A

the discharge of the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) and the unfertilised egg.
page 472

197
Q

Meristem

A

meristem a plant tissue capable of mitosis.

page 266

198
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism.

page 11

199
Q

Micro-organisms

A

small living things. page 237

200
Q

Micropropogation

A

the growth of plants from small pieces of tissue under sterile conditions on a specially selected medium.

page 463

201
Q

Mitosis

A

a form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes with identical genes.

page 157

202
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

involves the study of a single characteristic.

page 197

203
Q

Morula

A

a solid ball of cells formed from a zygote by mitosis.

page 478

204
Q

Motor/Efferent Neuron

A

motor (or efferent) neuron takes a message from the CNS to a muscle or a gland.

page 376

205
Q

Mutagens

A

agents that cause mutations.

page 214

206
Q

Mutation

A

mutation a spontaneous (or sudden) change in the amount or structure of DNA.

page 214

207
Q

Mycelium

A

a (usually) visible mass of hyphae.
page 251

208
Q

Natural Active Immunity

A

occurs when a pathogen enters the body in the normal way (i.e. when you get an infection).

page 424

209
Q

Natural passive Immunity

A

natural passive immunity occurs when a child gets antibodies from its mother. page 425

210
Q

Natural selection

A

the process by which those organisms with genetically controlled characteristics that allow them to be well adapted to their environments will survive and reproduce to pass on their genes to following generations.

page 217

211
Q

Natural Vegetatuve Propogation

A

natural vegetative propagation involves forming new plants from a stem, root, leaf or bud.

page 460

212
Q

Negative Tropism

A

negative tropism occurs when the growth is away from the stimulus.

page 364

213
Q

Neuron

A

neuron (or neurone) a nerve cell.

page 376

214
Q

Nitrification

A

the conversion of ammonia and ammonium (NH *) compounds to nitrite and then to nitrate.
page 40

215
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH), ammonium (NH, *) or nitrate (NO,).

page 40

216
Q

Node

A

the point on a stem at which a leaf is attached. page 267

217
Q

Non endospermic seed

A

non-endospermic seed has no endosperm when fully formed.

page 445

218
Q

Nutrient recycling

A

the way in which elements (such as carbon and nitrogen) are exchanged between the living and non-living components of an ecosystem.

page 38

219
Q

Nutrition

A

the way organisms obtain and use food.

page 12

220
Q

Obligate Parasite

A

obligate parasite can only take its food from a live host.

page 251

221
Q

Observation

A

observation when something is noticed. page 3

222
Q

Omnivores

A

animals that feed on plants and animals.
Examples are humans, badgers and hedgehogs.

page 320

223
Q

Open circulatory system

A

blood leaves blood vessels and flows around the cells of the animal’s body before re-entering blood vessels again.
page 300

224
Q

Optimum pH

A

the pH value at which the enzyme works best. page 115

225
Q

Organ

A

a structure composed of a number of tissues that work together to carry out one or more functions.

page 98

226
Q

Organisation

A

living things are composed of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

page 12

227
Q

Organism

A

organism a living thing.

page 11

228
Q

Organ system

A

a number of organs working together to carry out one or more functions,

page 99

229
Q

Orgasm

A

the physical and emotional sensations experienced at the peak of sexual excitement.

page 475

230
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

page 148

231
Q

osteoblast

A

a bone-forming cell.

page 411

232
Q

osteoclast

A

a bone-digesting cell. page 412

233
Q

ovulation

A

the release of an egg from the ovary.
page 470

234
Q

parasites

A

organisms that take in food from a live host and usually cause harm.

page 242

235
Q

Parasitism

A

when two organisms of different species live in close association and one organism (the parasite) obtains its food from, and to the disadvantage of, the second organism (the host).
page 53

236
Q

Passive immunity

A

passive immunity occurs when individuals are given antibodies that were formed by another organism.

page 425

237
Q

pathogen

A

pathogen an organism that causes disease.
page 420

238
Q

pathogenic bacteria

A

bacteria that cause disease.
page 244

239
Q

pectoral girdle

A

pectoral girdle consists of the collarbone (or clavicle and the shoulder blade (or scapula).
page 409

240
Q

pedigree

A

a diagram showing the genetic history of a group of related individuals.

page 194

241
Q

pelvic girdle

A

composed of two halves of the hip joined to the sacrum.

page 409

242
Q

percentage cover

A

an estimate of the amount of ground in a quadrat covered by each species.
page 72

243
Q

peristalsis

A

a wave of muscular action in the walls of the alimentary canal that moves the contents along

page 323

244
Q

pharynx

A

pharynx the throat. page 339

245
Q

phenotype

A

the physical make-up, or appearance, of an organism.

page 191

246
Q

phospholipids

A

fat-like substances in which one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group or has a phosphate group added to it.

page 19

247
Q

photolysis

A

the splitting of water by light. page 125

248
Q

phototropism

A

the change in growth of a plant in response to light, usually from one direction (i.e. unidirectional light),

page 364

249
Q

plasma

A

the liquid part of blood. page 292

250
Q

Plasma B cells

A

produce antibodies. page 426

251
Q

plumule

A

the part of the plant embryo that develops into the shoot.

page 445

252
Q

pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower from the same species.

page 443

253
Q

pollutants

A

harmful additions to the environment. page 41

254
Q

pollution

A

any harmful addition to the environment.
page 41

255
Q

population

A

all the members of the same species living in an area. page 33

256
Q

portal system

A

a blood pathway that begins and ends in capillaries.

page 305

257
Q

positive tropism

A

occurs when the growth is towards the stimulus.

page 364

258
Q

predation

A

the catching, killing and eating of another organism.

page 53

259
Q

predator

A

an organism that catches, kills and eats another organism.

page 53

260
Q

prey

A

the organism that is eaten by a predator.
page 53

261
Q

principle(or law)

A

principle (or law) arises from a theory that has been shown to be valid when fully tested over a long period of time. page 4

262
Q

producers

A

organisms that carry out photosynthesis.
page 36

263
Q

product

A

the substance(s) formed by an enzyme. page 103

264
Q

progency

A

offspring that are produced. page 192

265
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

do not have a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles.

page 89

266
Q

protoplasm

A

all the living parts of a cell. page 85

267
Q

puberty

A

the beginning of sexual maturity. page 469

268
Q

pulse

A

the alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries. page 308

269
Q

punnett square

A

a grid used to show the ratio of the genotypes of the progeny in a genetic cross.
page 192

270
Q

Purines

A

(double-ring molecules) adenine (A) and guanine (G).

page 180

271
Q

pyramid of numbers

A

represents the numbers of organisms at each trophic level (or stage) in a food chain.

page 38

272
Q

pyrimidines

A

(single-ring molecules) thymine (T)
and cytosine (C).

page 180

273
Q

qualitative study

A

records the presence or absence of organisms

274
Q

quantitative study

A

records the numbers of organisms that are present. page 66

275
Q

radicle

A

part of the plant embryo that develops into a root

276
Q

re absorption

A

molecules pass from the nephron back into the blood. page 355

277
Q

rcessive

A

the allele is prevented from being expressed by a dominant allele.

page 191

278
Q

reflex action

A

an automatic, involuntary, unthinking response to a stimulus.

page 384

279
Q

reflex arc

A

the pathway taken by a nerve impulse in a reflex action.

page 384

280
Q

refractory period

A

a short time span after a neuron has carried an impulse during which a stimulus fails to cause a response.

page 378

281
Q

replicate

A

a repeat of an experiment.

page 6

282
Q

reproduction

A

the production of new individuals.
page 14

283
Q

response

A

the activity of a cell or organism as a result of a stimulus.

page 363

284
Q

root tuber

A

a swollen, underground root that remains dormant during winter and from which new plants may grow.

page 460

285
Q

runners

A

horizontal stems that run (or grow) above ground and from which new plants grow.

page 460

286
Q

sacrophytes

A

organisms that take in food from dead organic matter.

page 241

287
Q

scientific method

A

a process of investigation in which problems are identified and their suggested explanations are tested by carrying out experiments

page 3

288
Q

scramble competition

A

all of the competing individuals get some of the resource. page 52

289
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

those features that distinguish males from females, apart from the sex organs themselves.

page 469

290
Q

secretion

A

some substances pass from the blood into the nephron.

page 356

291
Q

selectively permeable membrane

A

allows some but not all molecules to pass through.

page 147

292
Q

self-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on the same plant.

page 443

293
Q

semen

A

a fluid containing sperm and seminal fluid.
page 468

294
Q

sensory or afferent neuron

A

takes a message from a sense organ to the CNS.

page 376

295
Q

serum

A

plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed.

page 293

296
Q

sex linkage

A

a characteristic is controlled by a gene on a sex (or X) chromosome.

page 202

297
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the union of two sex cells or gametes. pages 14, 439

298
Q

Solar energy

A

energy from the Sun. page 102

299
Q

Speculation

A

the production of new species as a result of evolution.
page 217

300
Q

Species

A

a group of similar organisms that are capable of naturally interbreeding with each other to produce fertile offspring. page 212

301
Q

Specific Defence System

A

attacks particular (or specific) pathogens. page 422

302
Q

Sporulation

A

the process of making spores.

page 253

303
Q

Stamens

A

the male parts of the flower.

page 439

304
Q

Sterile

A

all micro-organisms are destroyed, i.e. there is nothing living.

page 256

305
Q

Stimulus/ plural=Stimuli

A

) anything that causes a reaction in an organism or in any of its parts.
page 363

306
Q

Substrate

A

the substance with which an enzyme reacts.

page 103

307
Q

Suppresor T cells

A

inhibit the immune response.
page 428

308
Q

Symbiosis

A

occurs when two organisms of different species live (and have to live) in close association and at least one of them benefits.

page 54

309
Q

Synapse

A

a region where two neurons come into close contact.

page 379

310
Q

Snyaptic Cleft

A

the tiny gap between the two neurons at a synapse.

page 379

311
Q

Systole

A

when the heart chambers contract.
page 307

312
Q

Taxonomy

A

the science of classifying organisms.
page 212

313
Q

Tendons

A

strong, flexible, inelastic fibres that connect muscle to bone.

page 414

314
Q

Theory

A

a hypothesis that has been supported by many different experiments.

page 4

315
Q

Thigmotropism

A

a change in growth of a plant in response to touch.

page 365

316
Q

Threshold

A

the minimum stimulus needed to cause an impulse to be carried in a neuron. page 377

317
Q

Tissue Culture

A

the growth of cells in or on a sterile nutrient medium outside an organism. page 97

318
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar cells that are modified (or adapted) to carry out the same function (s).

page 95

319
Q

Transcription

A

the copying of a sequence of genetic bases from DNA onto messenger RNA (mRNA).
page 178

320
Q

Transformation

A

the uptake of DNA into a cell.
page 226

321
Q

Translation

A

the conversion of a sequence of genetic bases on messenger RNA into a sequence of amino acids.

page 179

322
Q

Transpiration

A

the loss (by evaporation) of water vapour from the leaves and other aerial parts of a plant.

page 279

323
Q

Triplet (or codon)

A

a sequence of three bases in
DNA (or RNA) that act as a code for an amino acid.

page 172

324
Q

Trophic Level

A

a feeding stage in a food chain.
page 36

325
Q

Tropism

A

a change in the growth of a plant in response to an external stimulus.

page 364

326
Q

Turgor (or turgor pressure)

A

the outward pressure of the cytoplasm and vacuole against the cell wall of a plant.

page 149

327
Q

Ultrastructure

A

the detail of a structure as seen using an electron microscope.

page 85

328
Q

Vaccination

A

the administration (usually by injection) of a non-disease-causing dose of a pathogen (or its toxin) to stimulate the production of antibodies.

page 425

329
Q

Vaccine

A

a non disease-causing dose of a pathogen (or its toxin), which triggers the production of antibodies.

page 424

330
Q

Valves

A

valves control the direction of blood flow.

page 302

331
Q

Variable

A

a factor that may change in an experiment.

page 4

332
Q

Variation (within a species)

A

in a group of successfully interbreeding organisms the individual members show different characteristics.

page 213

333
Q

Vegetative propagation /Vegetative reproduction

A

asexual reproduction in plants.
page 460

334
Q

Venation

A

the pattern of veins in a leaf.

page 268

335
Q

Woody Plants

A

contain wood (or lignin). page 267

336
Q

Free 5 Marker slay!!!

A

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