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🌿5 Biology > 🟢14 Cell Division > Flashcards

🟢14 Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromosomes per cell in the human body

A

46

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2
Q

Each chromosome is composed of hundered or eveb thousands of …..

A

genes

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3
Q

Chromosomes are

A

Coiled threads of DNA and protein that become visible in the nucleus at cell division

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4
Q

Cell continuity means

A

that all cells develop from pre existing cells

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5
Q

Whrn a new cell forms it goes throu the following things:

A

1.Produces materials it needs
2.Grows larger
3.Reproduces to form new cells

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6
Q

A gene is

A

a section of DNA that contains the instructions for the formation of a protein

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7
Q

All the genes in an organism make up its

A

genome

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8
Q

It can be said that ____ ( or ____ )control the cell

A

genes (or chromosomes)

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9
Q

A haploid cell has

A

one set of chromosomes (only has one of each type of chromosome in the nucleus)

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10
Q

A diploid cell has

A

two sets of chromosomes (it has two of each type of chromosome in the nucleus)

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11
Q

‘n’ is the symbol for…

A

Haploid

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12
Q

n=2 means

A

there are 2 chromosomes in the haploid cell

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13
Q

‘2n’ means

A

Diploid cell

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14
Q

2n=4 means

A

The total number of chromosomes in the diploid cell is 4

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15
Q

The diploid number for humans is

A

2n=46

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16
Q

in a diploid cell the chromosomes are in _____

A

pairs

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17
Q

Each pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell is called a

A

homologous pairs

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18
Q

-A homologous pair is

A

two chromosomes of similar size with the same sequence of genes

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19
Q

In diploid cells, one chromosome from each homogolous pair is…………

A

derived from the mother and the other one from the father

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20
Q

The cell cycle is

A

the changes that take place in a cell during the period between one cell division and rhe next

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21
Q

Interphase is

A

the phase in the cell cycle when the cell isnt dividing

22
Q

Cells that dont dividewhen they reach full soze

A

nerve cells and red blood cells

23
Q

The cell cycle doagram is

A

Mostly interphase and then a small sectipn called cell division which is mitosis or meiosis

24
Q

How long is interphase

A

Its the longest phase in the cell cycle over 90% of the cell cycle

25
During interphase the chromosomes are,
very elongated and stringy and its impossible to distinguish individual chromoomes in the nucleus during this phase. They appear as a mass material caled chromatin. Looks like noodles. 14.2
26
Are cells active during interphase
They are not dividing during interphase however they are v active.
27
What does the cell do during early part of interphase
-producing new organelles (mitochondira or chloroplast) -forms many chemicals needed for growth esp enzymes and orher proteins
28
What does the cell do at the end of interphase, just before cell division
-Chromosomes produce identical copies of thenselves. -The duplication of a chromosome produces a chromosome with two strands. -the two strands have identical genes. 14.7 in book
29
Mitosis is
a form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes with identical genes
30
Each of the new nuclei formed in mitosis become enclosed…..
within a cell called a daughter cell, even when this happens with male cells
31
Daughter cells have
the same number of chromosomes and the genes on the chromosomes in each cell are identical to eachother
32
Mitosis takes place in cells that….
are not associated with the reproductive system. these cells are called somatic cells
33
IPMAT
I Party Monday And Tuesday Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telaphase
34
How many stages of mitosis are there
Four: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telaphase
35
What happens in prophase (stage1)
Chromasome contracts, chromosomes are seen as 2 strabds gekd togetheer at the CENTROMERE,nucleus disappears, spindle fibres begin to appear in the cytoplasm, nuclear membrane breaks down
36
What happens in metaphase (stage2)
Nuclear membrane is fully broken down Chromosomes move so that they line up across the middle of the cell Two fibres attatch to each chromosome by the centromere
37
What happens in the anaphase (stage3)
The spindle fibres contract. An equal number of identical chromosomes is pulled to each pole
38
What happens in telaphase (stage4)
A nuclear membrane forms around each of the two sets of chromosomes. The chromosomes elongate within each nucleus and become chromatin. Spindle fibres break down.
39
Once mitosis completes,
the original cell divides to form two cells
40
Function of mitosis
It allows single celled organisms (unicellular) to reproduce asexually. In multicelled organisms it allows for growth and repair.
41
Cancer is
a group of disorders in which certain cells lose their ability to control both the rate of mitosis and the number of times mitosis takes place.
42
When a cell or group of cells lose the ability to control rate of mitosis…..
a mass of cells form called a tumour. Tumours may be malignant or benign
43
Benign tumours are
not life threatening. stop dividing eventually can be surgically removed dont invade other tissue Eg. Skin tags, warts
44
Malignant tumours are
called cancers can be life threatening Dont stop dividing ‘immortal’ invade other cells can move from one part of body to another
45
Cancer is caused when….
-Normal genes are altered to form cancer causing genes called ONCOGENES -These alterations are caused by cancer-causing agents called CARCINOGENS. E.g cigarete smoke, asbestos,radiarion etc
46
Treatment for cancer
Surgery radiation (to burn out cancer) Chemotherapy (use of chemicals that slow down mitosis)
47
Meiosis is
Cell division that halves the number of chromosomes in each resulting nucleus. Meiosis produces gametes
48
Gametes are
taploid cells that are able to fuse with another gamete of the opposite sex. W,g sperm + egg
49
Where does meiosis occur in himans
Male-testes…. sperm Female-Ovaries….. egg
50
Functions of meiosis
-to halve the number of chromosomesso that the normal number may be restored at feerilizitation (ie,ti allow for sexual reproduction) -To produce chromosomes with genetic variations that will result in variations in the organisms produced by sexual reproduction
51
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
MITOSIS -the no of chromosomes in each cell is the same as the parent cell -the genes/cells in the resulting cells are identical -Used to produce body cells -Growth and repair in multicellular -Reproduction in unicellular MEIOSIS -Used to produce gametes -Resulting cells are different -One cell divides to form 4new -No of chromosomes in each resulting cell is half the parent cell

🌿5 Biology (29 decks)

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