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🌿5 Biology > 🟢14 Cell Division > Flashcards

🟢14 Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

How many chromosomes per cell in the human body

A

46

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2
Q

Each chromosome is composed of hundered or eveb thousands of …..

A

genes

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3
Q

Chromosomes are

A

Coiled threads of DNA and protein that become visible in the nucleus at cell division

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4
Q

Cell continuity means

A

that all cells develop from pre existing cells

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5
Q

Whrn a new cell forms it goes throu the following things:

A

1.Produces materials it needs
2.Grows larger
3.Reproduces to form new cells

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6
Q

A gene is

A

a section of DNA that contains the instructions for the formation of a protein

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7
Q

All the genes in an organism make up its

A

genome

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8
Q

It can be said that ____ ( or ____ )control the cell

A

genes (or chromosomes)

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9
Q

A haploid cell has

A

one set of chromosomes (only has one of each type of chromosome in the nucleus)

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10
Q

A diploid cell has

A

two sets of chromosomes (it has two of each type of chromosome in the nucleus)

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11
Q

‘n’ is the symbol for…

A

Haploid

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12
Q

n=2 means

A

there are 2 chromosomes in the haploid cell

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13
Q

‘2n’ means

A

Diploid cell

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14
Q

2n=4 means

A

The total number of chromosomes in the diploid cell is 4

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15
Q

The diploid number for humans is

A

2n=46

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16
Q

in a diploid cell the chromosomes are in _____

A

pairs

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17
Q

Each pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell is called a

A

homologous pairs

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18
Q

-A homologous pair is

A

two chromosomes of similar size with the same sequence of genes

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19
Q

In diploid cells, one chromosome from each homogolous pair is…………

A

derived from the mother and the other one from the father

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20
Q

The cell cycle is

A

the changes that take place in a cell during the period between one cell division and rhe next

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21
Q

Interphase is

A

the phase in the cell cycle when the cell isnt dividing

22
Q

Cells that dont dividewhen they reach full soze

A

nerve cells and red blood cells

23
Q

The cell cycle doagram is

A

Mostly interphase and then a small sectipn called cell division which is mitosis or meiosis

24
Q

How long is interphase

A

Its the longest phase in the cell cycle over 90% of the cell cycle

25
Q

During interphase the chromosomes are,

A

very elongated and stringy and its impossible to distinguish individual chromoomes in the nucleus during this phase. They appear as a mass material caled chromatin. Looks like noodles. 14.2

26
Q

Are cells active during interphase

A

They are not dividing during interphase however they are v active.

27
Q

What does the cell do during early part of interphase

A

-producing new organelles (mitochondira or chloroplast)
-forms many chemicals needed for growth esp enzymes and orher proteins

28
Q

What does the cell do at the end of interphase, just before cell division

A

-Chromosomes produce identical copies of thenselves.
-The duplication of a chromosome produces a chromosome with two strands.
-the two strands have identical genes.
14.7 in book

29
Q

Mitosis is

A

a form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes with identical genes

30
Q

Each of the new nuclei formed in mitosis become enclosed…..

A

within a cell called a daughter cell, even when this happens with male cells

31
Q

Daughter cells have

A

the same number of chromosomes and the genes on the chromosomes in each cell are identical to eachother

32
Q

Mitosis takes place in cells that….

A

are not associated with the reproductive system. these cells are called somatic cells

33
Q

IPMAT

A

I Party Monday And Tuesday
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telaphase

34
Q

How many stages of mitosis are there

A

Four:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telaphase

35
Q

What happens in prophase (stage1)

A

Chromasome contracts, chromosomes are seen as 2 strabds gekd togetheer at the CENTROMERE,nucleus disappears, spindle fibres begin to appear in the cytoplasm, nuclear membrane breaks down

36
Q

What happens in metaphase (stage2)

A

Nuclear membrane is fully broken down
Chromosomes move so that they line up across the middle of the cell
Two fibres attatch to each chromosome by the centromere

37
Q

What happens in the anaphase (stage3)

A

The spindle fibres contract. An equal number of identical chromosomes is pulled to each pole

38
Q

What happens in telaphase (stage4)

A

A nuclear membrane forms around each of the two sets of chromosomes.
The chromosomes elongate within each nucleus and become chromatin.
Spindle fibres break down.

39
Q

Once mitosis completes,

A

the original cell divides to form two cells

40
Q

Function of mitosis

A

It allows single celled organisms (unicellular) to reproduce asexually.
In multicelled organisms it allows for growth and repair.

41
Q

Cancer is

A

a group of disorders in which certain cells lose their ability to control both the rate of mitosis and the number of times mitosis takes place.

42
Q

When a cell or group of cells lose the ability to control rate of mitosis…..

A

a mass of cells form called a tumour. Tumours may be malignant or benign

43
Q

Benign tumours are

A

not life threatening.
stop dividing eventually
can be surgically removed
dont invade other tissue
Eg. Skin tags, warts

44
Q

Malignant tumours are

A

called cancers
can be life threatening
Dont stop dividing
‘immortal’
invade other cells
can move from one part of body to another

45
Q

Cancer is caused when….

A

-Normal genes are altered to form cancer causing genes called ONCOGENES
-These alterations are caused by cancer-causing agents called CARCINOGENS. E.g cigarete smoke, asbestos,radiarion etc

46
Q

Treatment for cancer

A

Surgery
radiation (to burn out cancer)
Chemotherapy (use of chemicals that slow down mitosis)

47
Q

Meiosis is

A

Cell division that halves the number of chromosomes in each resulting nucleus. Meiosis produces gametes

48
Q

Gametes are

A

taploid cells that are able to fuse with another gamete of the opposite sex. W,g sperm + egg

49
Q

Where does meiosis occur in himans

A

Male-testes…. sperm
Female-Ovaries….. egg

50
Q

Functions of meiosis

A

-to halve the number of chromosomesso that the normal number may be restored at feerilizitation (ie,ti allow for sexual reproduction)
-To produce chromosomes with genetic variations that will result in variations in the organisms produced by sexual reproduction

51
Q

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

MITOSIS
-the no of chromosomes in each cell is the same as the parent cell
-the genes/cells in the resulting cells are identical
-Used to produce body cells
-Growth and repair in multicellular
-Reproduction in unicellular
MEIOSIS
-Used to produce gametes
-Resulting cells are different
-One cell divides to form 4new
-No of chromosomes in each resulting cell is half the parent cell

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