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🌿5 Biology > 16 Genetic Crosses and Heredity > Flashcards

16 Genetic Crosses and Heredity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define gametes

A

Haploid cells capable of fusion

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2
Q

Define fertilisation

A

Union of two gametes to form a single cell called a zygote

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3
Q

Define alleles

A

Alternative form of a gene
Located at the same position (locus) on similar chromosomes
Eg. Eye colour

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4
Q

Define locus

A

A genes position on a chromosome

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5
Q

What does dominant mean

A

The allele prevents the recessive allele from being expresssed

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6
Q

What does recessive mean

A

The allele is prevented from being expressed by a dominant allele

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7
Q

What does genotype mean

A

The genetic make-up of an organism

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8
Q

What does phenotype mean

A

The physical make up/appearance of a gene

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9
Q

What are genes in relation to phenotype

A

Genes are the instructions to the cell that help to produce the phenotype

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10
Q

Example of genotype and its phenotype

A

BB + bb = Genotype of parent
B + b= Genotype of gamete
Bb= Genotype of offspring
Black=Phenotype of offspring

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11
Q

What is progency

A

refers to offspring that are produced

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12
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

Means that two alleles are identical

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13
Q

What does Heterozygous mean

A

Means that two alleles are different

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14
Q

Using B and b show what Homozygous dominant and homozygous recesive are

A

Homozygous dominant= BB
Homozygous recessive= bb

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15
Q

Whats another name for homozygous

A

Pure breeding

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16
Q

What is a punnett square

A

Grid used to show the ratio of the genotypes of tje progency in a genetic cross

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17
Q

What does incomplete dominance mean

A

Neither allele is dominant or recessive with respect to the other.
Both alleles are equally expressed in the heterozygous genotype to produce an intermediate phenotype

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18
Q

Give an example of incomplete dominanxe (words)

A

Shorthorn cattle
Genotype RR =red fur
Genotype rr = white fur
Heterozygous condition Rr = Patches of both

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19
Q

What is a pedigree

A

Diagram showing the genetic history of a group of related individuals

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20
Q

What is the two sex chromosomes in a MALE

A

Xy

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21
Q

What is the two sex chromosomes in a MALE

A

XY

22
Q

What are the two sex chromosomes in a female

A

XX

23
Q

Name one other species where the pattern of sex determination is reverse in humans

A

Butterflies,moths,birds
Male has XX female has XY

24
Q

Which sex chromosome is longer

A

X

25
Q

What is Greg Mendels first law called

A

The law of segregation

26
Q

What is greg mendels second law called

A

The law of independent assortment

27
Q

What are autosomes

A

Chromosomes that do not determine sexuality

28
Q

What plants did gregor mendel study

A

Pea plants

29
Q

What does mendels first law (the law of segregation) state

A

-Inherited trated are controlled by two alleles
-The alleles separate at gamete formation, with each gamete having only one allele

30
Q

What does Mendels second law (the law of independent assortment) state

A

It states that
When gametes are formed… either of a pair of alleles… is equally likely… to combine with either of another pair of alleles

31
Q

What is a monohybrid cross

A

Involves the study of only one characteristic

32
Q

What is a dihybrid cross

A

Involves study of two characteristics

33
Q

How many characteristics did mendel study in peas

A

7

34
Q

Example of law of segregation

A

The height of a plant is controlled by a pair of alleles
Plant T=Tall t=small

When gametes are formed only one allele can enter each gamete, the alleles have to separate

35
Q

Chromosomal basis of mendels forst law

A

Diploid organisms chromosomes occur in matching pairs called homologus pairs
Pairs of alleles occupy the same position (locus) on a homologus pair

During meiosis, homologus chromosomes separate and go into different cells
As a result pairs of alleles also separate

36
Q

Give an example of a monohybrid cross and explain why its monohybrid

A

Eye colour
Seed shape
Coat colour
Each characteristic can display two variations/phenotypes

37
Q

Give an example of a dihybrid cross and explain why its dihybrid

A

Plant size AND pod colour (green or yellow)

38
Q

What does the law of independent assortment mean example (just read it x)

A

In an organism with the genotype AaBb, either of the As can combine with either of the Bs to form gametes

39
Q

Chromosomal basis of mendels second law

A

At gamete formation either of a pair of homologous chromosomes ..
is equally likely ..
to combine with either chromosome of a second homologous pair.

40
Q

Define selfing

A

Selfing is when you cross a genotype with the same genotype

41
Q

Define linkage

A

means the genes are located on the same chromosome

42
Q

Define sex linkage

A

When a gene is carried on a sex chromosome (X or Y)

43
Q

Which sex chromosome carries the most genes

A

X

44
Q

which gender suffers more from sex linked characteristics

A

Male

45
Q

Name some sex linked characteristics

A

Colour Blindness
Haemophilia
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Eye colour in Drosophila (fruit fly)

46
Q

Where is non nuclear DNA found

A

In chloroplasts and mitochondria

47
Q

What gender is Non nuclear DNA apssed on from by

A

Female

48
Q

What does non Nuclear DNA allow

A

Allows organelles to reproduce independently of the cell

49
Q

Which famous scientist is regarded as the father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

50
Q

State the law of segregation

A

Characteristics are governed by a pair of factors (genes). These factors separate at gamete formation and each gamete receives only one of the pair. At fertilisation a pair of factors is reestablished for each characteristic.

🌿5 Biology (29 decks)

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