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🌿5 Biology > 41 Human Reproduction > Flashcards

41 Human Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Gonad

A

An organ that produces sex cells in animals

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2
Q

Why is the temperature in the scrotum maintained at 35°

A

So meiosis can occur, producing sperm

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3
Q

What are the male gonads called

A

The testes

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4
Q

When do testes develop in a male

A

A few weeks before birth they descend out of the body caviity into a pouch called the scrotum

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5
Q

What does each testis consist of

A

Coiled mass of tubules (50cm)

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6
Q

What cells are tubules lined with and what occurs there

A

Diploid sperm producing cells, meiosis occurs in these cells to produce haploid sperm

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7
Q

What do cells located between the tubules produce

A

Testosterone

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8
Q

Where is the epididymis located

A

outside each testis

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9
Q

What happens in the epididymis

A

Sperm mature and are stored for up to 6 weeks

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10
Q

What happens to sperm in the epididymis if they ate not released

A

They are broken down and taken back into the bloodstream (resorption)

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11
Q

What is resorption in males

A

When sperm isn’t released from the epididymis and is broken down and taken back into the bloodstream

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12
Q

What do the sperm ducts do

A

They carry sperm to the urethra

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13
Q

Where is the male urethra located

A

in the centre of the penis

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14
Q

What is the function of the male urethra

A

Dual function of carrying urine or sperm out of the body at different times

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15
Q

What is semen

A

A fluid containing sperm and seminal fluid

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16
Q

What does seminal fluid provide for sperm

A

A medium for the sperm to swim in and nourishment as it contains fructose

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17
Q

What glands produce seminal fluid

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Cowper’s glands

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18
Q

How many chromosomes in a sperm cell

A

23 as they are haploid

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19
Q

What do sperm producing cells divide by to produce sperm cells

A

Meiosis

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20
Q

WHAT DOES each sperm cell contain

A

Acrosome (Region containing enzymes that can digest the membrane of an egg)
Nucleus (containing 23 chromosomes)
Midpiece (containing mitochondria)
Tail (so it can swim)

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21
Q

When are sperm cells first produced

A

At the onset of puberty (sexual maturity), about 12 or 13yrs

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22
Q

Define Puberty

A

The beginning of sexual maturity

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23
Q

What is the glans in male reproductive system

A

The swollen tip of the penis

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24
Q

What does the foreskin partially cover

A

It partially covers the glans (swollen tip of penis)

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25
Q

What is the penis

A

Structure adapted to introduce sperm into the female reproductive system

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26
Q

Why does the penis become erect during sexual arousal

A

More blood flows into the penis than can flow out of it

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27
Q

In what state can the penis be used to place sperm into the female system

A

When it is erect

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28
Q

What two hormones are produced by the male pituitary gland at puberty

A

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (Luteinising hormone)

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29
Q

What does LH do in male reproductive sustem

A

The luteinising hormone
stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

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30
Q

What does FSH do in male reproductive sustem

A

Causes the diploid sperm producing cells to divide by meiosis and produce haploid sperm

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31
Q

What are androgens

A

Male hormones

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32
Q

What is the main androgen

A

Testosterone

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33
Q

When does the production of testosterone increase enormously

A

At puberty

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34
Q

What does the enormous increase of testosterone production cause

A

Enlargement of penis, testes and other reproductive parts
Causes the secondary male characteristics

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35
Q

When and where is testosterone produced in small amounts

A

By testes before puberty in males
By the female ovaries throughout life

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36
Q

What are Secondary Sexual Characteristics

A

are those features that distinguish males from females, apart from the sex organs themselves.

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37
Q

Name 4 Secondary make characteristics

A

Growth of pubic, underarm,facial,body hair

Enlargment of larynx causing voice to break and deepen

Increased muscular and bone development

Widening of shoulders

Growth spurt

Increased secretion of sebum in skin

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38
Q

Define infertility

A

Inability to produce offspring

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39
Q

Whats the main type of male infertility

A

The production of low numbers of sperm

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40
Q

What are some causes of low sperm count

A

Persistent smoking of cigarettes
Alcohol abuse
Marijuana use
Anabolic steroid use
Low level of male hormones
Mumps in adult life
Contact with certain chemicals in detergents and plastics

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41
Q

What are some corrective measures of low sperm count

A

Changes in diet and lifestyle:
Stopping smoking
Not taking drugs
Stopping/reducing alcohol consumption
Reducing stress levels

If cause is hormonal then hormone supplements may be administered

In-vitro fertilisation

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42
Q

If the cause of low sperm count is hormonal, what corrective measures may be taken

A

Administration of hormone supplements

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43
Q

Define ovulation

A

Release of an egg from the ovary

44
Q

What do the ovaries produce

A

Female hormones
Eggs

45
Q

How many potential eggs may the ovaries contain at birth

A

Up to 1million potential (diploid) eggs

46
Q

What age does puberty occur in females

A

About 11 or 12

47
Q

What has the no. of potential eggs fallen to at puberty

A

40 thousand

48
Q

What is each potential egg enclosed in

A

A cluster of cells forming a follicle in the ovary

49
Q

After puberty how many eggs are produced by meiosis each month

A

About 20. Usually only one continues to grow, rest die off

50
Q

What is an ovum

A

A haploid egg (23 chromosomes)

51
Q

What does a Graafian Follicle produce

A

The female hormone Oestrogen

52
Q

When is an egg surrounded by a Graafian Follicle

A

Once meiosis is complete the haploid egg is surrounded by a Graafian Follicle

53
Q

What happens as the Graafian Follicle matures

A

It forms a swelling on the surface of the ovary, it bursts at ovulation to release the egg

54
Q

After ovulation, what happens to the follicle

A

It fills with yellow cells becoming the corpus luteum which secretes the hormone progesterone

55
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete

A

Progesterone

56
Q

What is the Oviduct

A

a collective term for the Fallopian tubes and the funnel

57
Q

What do the ends of fallopian tubes have to catch the egg after ovulation

A

Funnels

58
Q

How is the egg moved along the fallopian tube

A

By cilia and muscular peristalsis

59
Q

What are the 2 events that can happen to the egg in the fallopian tube

A

Either fertilised or dies

60
Q

What is the uterus

A

A muscular structure about the size of a fist

61
Q

What is the uterus made of

A

Outerwall- involuntary muscle
Inner lining=Endometrium

62
Q

What happens to the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) each month

A

It thickens with cells and blood vessels to nourish the embryo in event of pregnancy

63
Q

What is the opening into the uterus called

A

Cervix

64
Q

What is the vagina

A

An elastic muscular tube abt 10cm long that allows entry of sperm and acts as birth canal

65
Q

What is the vagina lined with

A

Mucous producing cells

66
Q

Where does the female urethra open

A

Near the vagina

67
Q

What are the labia

A

folds of skin that protect the vagina

68
Q

What is the vulva

A

Labia Vagina and Urethra collectively

69
Q

What is the hymen

A

Ring of tissue that may partially block the vagina entrance
Stretched or torn by tampons or first sexual intercourse

70
Q

Define the menstrual cycle

A

Series of events that occurs every 28 days on average in the female if fertilisation has not taken place

71
Q

Define menopause

A

When ovulation and menstruation stop happening in a female

72
Q

When does the menstrual cycle begin for the first time and end

A

begins at puberty and continues until menopause (age 45-55)

73
Q

What happens in days 1-5 of a menstrual cycle

A

Endometrium breaks down and is shed through vagina (menstruation)

Meiosis occurs in ovary to produce new egg
New egg surrounded by Graafian Folicle

74
Q

What happens in days 6-14 of a menstrual cycle

A

the developing Graafian Follicle produces Oestrogen which causes endometrium to thicken again

Oestrogen prevents new eggs developing so only one Graafian Follicle develops

75
Q

what happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle

A

Ovulation occurs when Graafian Follicle bursts
Egg passes into abdomen, funnel, then moved along fallopian tube
Egg is available for fertilisation for up to 48 hrs

76
Q

How long is the egg available for fertilisation after ovulation

A

Normally up to 48 hours

77
Q

What happens from days 14-28 in a menstrual cycle

A

Graafian Follicle remains develop into Corpus Luteum, then makes progesterone, which thickens endometrium even mire

Progestoren prevents new eggs from forming, egg that was released will die by day 16 if not fertilised

Corpus lutuem degenerates around day 22 if no fertilisation occurs.

Reduction in progesterone levels which causes endometrium to break down on day 28

On day 28, endometrium released through vagina (menstruation) lasts for 5 days
Marks start if new cycle

78
Q

Functions of Oestrogen and Progesterone

A

Oestrogen- Endometrium thicken in first half of cycle
Progesterone- Continues this in second 14 days
Both prevent eggs from developing

79
Q

Why are oestrogen and progesterone used in contraceptives

A

Those hormones both prevent eggs from developing

80
Q

Name 5 female secondary sexual characteristics

A

Maturing+Enlargment of breasts
Widening of pelvis
Increased body fat
Growth of pubic and underarm hair
Growth spurt

81
Q

Define menstruation

A

Menstruation is the discharge of the lining of the uterus (the endometrium)
and the unfertilised egg.

82
Q

What is the most common female infertility

A

Failure to ovulate due to endocrine gland failure

83
Q

What causes endocrine gland failure (female infertility)

A

Pituitary fails to produce FSH or LH
Lack of FSH= failure of eggs to form
Lack of LH=failure to ovulate

84
Q

Corrective measures for Endocrine Gland Failure (female infertilitt)

A

hormone supplements by injection
In-Vitro fertilisation

85
Q

What are the four hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
Oestrogen
LH (Lutenising hormone)
Progesterone

86
Q

FSH in the menstrual cycle

A

Produced un pituitary gland
Produced jn days 1-5
Stimulates a few potential eggs to develop, surrounded by Graafian Follicles
Graafian follicles then secrete oestrogen

87
Q

Why is FSH used in fertility treatments for women

A

To stimulate the ovaries to produce eggs

88
Q

Oestrogen in the menstrual cycle

A

Produced by Graafian Follicle (in ovary)
Produced from days 5-14
Causes endometrium to develop
Inhibits FSH
High levels of oestrogen just before day 15 stimulate release of LH

89
Q

LH in the menstrual cycle

A

Produced by pituitary gland
produced on day 14
Causes ovulation, remains of Graafian Follicle to develop into Corpus Luteum
Which makes progesterone

90
Q

Whats another name for Corpus luteum

A

The yellow body

91
Q

Progesterone in the menstrual cycle

A

Produced by the corpus luteum
Produced from days 14-28
Maintains structure of endometrium
Inhibits production of FSH and LH

92
Q

What happens when pregnancy doesnt occur and low levels of progesterone and oestrogen are present

A

FSH secretion by pituitary gland is no longer inhibited
As FSH level rises, new eggs develop
Uterus contracts and endometrium is shed from body causing menstruation

93
Q

Name a menstrual disorder

A

Fibroids

94
Q

What are fibroids

A

Benign tumours of uterus
result from Overproduction of cells
Slow growing. Pea->Grapefruit in size
Age 35-45
Can cause heavy prolonged period, miscarriage, infertility

95
Q

What is. the cause of Fibroids (menstrual disorder)

A

Uncertain
May be an abnormal response to oestrogen, tend to be larger in women taking hormonal contraceptives

96
Q

Whats the prevention and treatment of fibroids

A

Small fibroids= No treatment, regular examinations
Large fibroids=surgery, if theres a lot then hysterectomy

97
Q

What are the three stages of copulation

A

Sexual arousal
Copulation
Orgasm

98
Q

Define copulation

A

The act of sexual intercourse

99
Q

Define orgasm

A

Orgasm is the physical and emotional sensations experienced at the peak of sexual excitement.

100
Q

Define ejaculation

A

The release of semen from the penis

101
Q

Defone insemination

A

The release of semen into the vagina, just outside the cervix

102
Q

What happens to the penis in sexual arousal

A

blood flow into penis increases, blood flow out of penis decreases
Spongy tissue in penis fills with blood and ot becomes erect

103
Q

What happes to the vagina in sexual arousal

A

Becomes lubricated elongated and wider

104
Q

What happens to both partners during copulation

A

Breathing and heart rate increases

105
Q

what happens to muscles in pelvis of both partners during orgasm

A

Contract and heart rates resporation and blood pressure rise dramatically

106
Q

What happens to the female only during orgasm

A

Outer vagina and uterus contract

107
Q

What happens to the male only during orgasm

A

Sphincter muscle from bladder closes and contraction of involuntary muscles in epididymis, sperm ducts, glands and urethra discharge semen out of penis

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