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🌿5 Biology > 🟢23 Structure of Flowering Plants > Flashcards

🟢23 Structure of Flowering Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats another name for flowering plants

A

angiosperms

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2
Q

What are the two root systems a flowering plant has

A

Underground root system
Above-Ground shoot system

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3
Q

Name the three types of roots

A

Tap Roots
Fibrous Roots
Adventitious Roots

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4
Q

What does a tap root consist of

A

Tap roots consist of a main root that develops from the radicle

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5
Q

Whats the radicle

A

The initial root that emerged from the seed

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6
Q

Another name for Tap Root

A

Primary Root

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7
Q

What emerges from a tap root

A

Lateral or Secondary roots, which have invisible root hairs on their tips

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8
Q

Examples of dicotyledons (dicots)

A

Dandelion
Wallflower
Ash

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9
Q

Examples of monocotyledons

A

Grasses
Daffodils

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10
Q

What flowering plant type is tap roots most common in

A

Dicots
Eg: Wallflower
Dandelion

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11
Q

What are fiborous roots

A

They form from when a radicle dies away to leave a GROUP of equal sized roots.
They emerge from the base of the stem

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12
Q

What are adventitious roots

A

Roots that dont develop from the radicle.
Sometimes grow in strange places

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13
Q

Examples of plants with adventitious roots

A

Onion
Ivy

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14
Q

What are the main functions of a root

A

Anchor plant in soil
Absorb water +minerals (root hairs do this)
Transport absorbed materials to the shoots
Store food in some plants (carrot radish)

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15
Q

What is included in the root system (under ground root system)

A

Primary/Tap root
Secondary/Lateral root

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16
Q

What is included in the shoot system of a flowering plant (above ground)

A

Apical Bud
Flower
Stem
Fruit
Internode
Petiole
Leaf
Axillary bud
Node

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17
Q

What are the four zones in a root (tip)

A

1.Protection
2.Cell production (meristematic)
3.Elongation
4.Differentiarion

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18
Q

What happens in the zone of protection of a root tip

A

The root cap protects the root cells as they push through the soil

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19
Q

What happens in the meristematic zone/zone of cell production in a root

A

Meristems allow plant to grow.
Apical meristems found in root+shoot tip
Other meristems found around edges
Cells in root meristem DIVIDING BY MITOSIS TO CREATE NEW CELLS FOR GROWTH

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20
Q

What is a meristem

A

A plant tissue capable of mitosis

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21
Q

What happens in the elongation zone of a root tip

A

New cells previously formed by meristematic zone grow longer here due to plant growth regulators (eg aukins)

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22
Q

What happens in the differentiation zone of a root

A

The elongated cells from elongation zone develop into their own different types of tissue:
Dermal Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Ground Tissue

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23
Q

What are the three tissues a plant cell can differentiate into

A

Dermal
Vascular
Ground

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24
Q

Whats the function of dermal tissue

A

Surrpunds and protects the plant
(eg. epidermis)

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25
Q

Whats the function of vascular tissue

A

Transports material
(eg. zylem and phloem)

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26
Q

Wheres ground tissue found

A

Found between dermal and vascular tissues

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27
Q

What are herbacaeous plants

A

they dont contain wood ( or lingnin)

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28
Q

What are woody plants

A

They contain wood (or lingnin)

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29
Q

What is a node

A

The point on a stem where a lead is attached

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30
Q

Whats an internode

A

Space on a stem between two nodes

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31
Q

What is a bud

A

Potential growth point that may develop into a shoot a leaf or a flower

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32
Q

What is a lenticel

A

Opening on a stem for gas exchange

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33
Q

What does the stem of a herbaceous plant look like

A

Soft and green, doesnt contain wood

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34
Q

What does the stem of a woody plant look like

A

Hard and woody and brown

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35
Q

How does a stem carry leaves

A

From points called nodes

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36
Q

Whats on the tip of the stem

A

Apical or terminal bud, causes the stem to grow at the tip, if bud is remvoved a low bushy plant wil form

37
Q

Whats the axil

A

The angle between a leaf and a stem.
Axillary/lateral buds are located at each axil

38
Q

What do scale scars mark on the stem in winter

A

Locations of previous apical buds
The distance between 2 respresents one year of growth

39
Q

What do leaf scars indicate on a stem

A

Where a leaf has fallen

40
Q

5 functions of the stem

A

Support aerial parts of the plant

Transport water and minerals from roots-> leaves nd flowers

Transport food made in leaves to roots

Carry out photosynthesis

May store food

41
Q

What are sessile leaves

A

Leaves that have no petiole and are connected directly to the stem

42
Q

Whats the name of the stalk of the leaf?

A

Petiole

43
Q

Whats the part of material called between the stem and the petiole?

A

Node

44
Q

Whats the name of the pointy flat shape a leaf makes at its tip

A

leaf blade/lamina

45
Q

whats the midrib in the leaf

A

Where the petiole continues through the lamina in the middle.
Veins emerge from midrib

46
Q

What is the name of the transport tissues that tge petiole,midrib and veins contain?

A

Xylem and Phloem

47
Q

What is venation

A

The pattern of veins in a leaf

48
Q

Name the two types of venation

A

1.Parallell venation
2.Net/Reticulate Venation

49
Q

What is parallell venation and give example

A

Veins run along side eachother
Monocots:
Grasses, Tulips, Daffodils

50
Q

What is Net/Reticulate Venation and give example

A

Veins form a branching network
Dicots
Rose, Buttercup,

51
Q

4 Functions of leaves

A

Make food (photosynthesis)

Exchange gases with atmosphere (Co2, Water Vapour, Oxygen)

Lose water throu transpiration

Store food

52
Q

What is the MAIN function of dermal tissue

A

Protect thebplant

53
Q

What is dermal tissue

A

Forms the covering layer on a plant
Usually called epidermis
protects plant

54
Q

Dermal tissues MAY have secondary functions depending on location.
What are theyv

A

Root hairs absorb water and minerals
Epidermis of leaves has waxy cuticle to prevent water loss

55
Q

What is ground tissue 🪨

A

Area between dermal and vascular tissue
Makes up most of bulk of plant

56
Q

Functions of ground tissue 🪨

A

Photosynthesis
Storage of food and waste
Strength and support

57
Q

What is the main purpose of vascular tissue

A

Transport materials throughout the plant

58
Q

What are the two things vascular tissue consists of

A

Xylem
Phloem

59
Q

Why is Xylem considered a DEAD tissue?!

A

Made up of 2 main cells:
Vessels and Tracheids
The living contents of ^ die before reaching maturity, therefore Xylem is a dead tissue

60
Q

What is Lignin

A

Strengthening material found in some plant cell walls

61
Q

What is a cotyledon

A

Seed leaf!
First leaf that develops in a seed. Often specialised for food storage

62
Q

Function of XYLEM

A

Transport water and mineral salta from root->leaf
Gives mechanical support due to lignin

63
Q

What is the function of PHLOEM

A

Sieve tubes transport FOOD made by photosynthesis from leaves-> rest of plant
Companion cells control activities of the sieve tube elements

64
Q

Xylem is made up of what two cell types?

A

Vessels
tracheids

65
Q

Describe appearance of xylem tracheids

A

Long sloping or tapering cells
Hollow insides at maturity
Overlap and allow water to pass from tracheid to tracheid through thin parts of the wall called pits
Only type of xylem found in coniferous trees eg.Pine

66
Q

Describe appearance of Xylem Vessels

A

Tubular structures formed when no. of cells join end-to-end
Wider than tracheids
End walls break down to form continuous tube
Pits in side to allow water to pass

67
Q

Are xylem vessels or tracheids more efficient at transporting water

A

Vessels. therefore.
Very common in flowering plants

68
Q

Cells that contain lignin are said to be…..

A

LIGNIFIEDDD

69
Q

Describe location of Xylem

A

Roots,stems,leaves,flowers
Often found in vascular bundles

70
Q

Why is phloem considered a living tissue??!!!??!?!?

A

Phloem is mainly composed of sieve tubes and companion cells.
As companion cells are alive, phloem is a living tissue.

71
Q

Describe SIEVE TUBES in the phloem:

A

Long tubular structures
Form when sieve tube elements join end to end
The end walls develop pores to allow material transport
Assess pg 271

72
Q

What is the name of the end walls in Phloem

A

Sieve plates as they resemble plates with numerous pores

73
Q

Sieve tube elements insides:

A

Cytoplasm remains
Nucleus degenerates
Walls made of cellulose but no lignin

74
Q

What is a companion cel
(Phloem)

A

Each sieve tube has a comapnion cell on its outside
these have a nucleus and dense cytoplasm
Control activities of sieve tube elements

75
Q

Location of Phloem

A

Roots,Stems,Leaves,Flowers

76
Q

Differenxe between Cylem and Ohloem

A

X:Carries water+Minerals
P:Carries food

X:Is dead
P:Is living

X:Has lignin
P:Has no lignin

X:Has no companion cells
P:Has companion cells

77
Q

What does LS stand for in cell viewing

A

Longitudinal section

78
Q

What does TS stand for in cell viewing

A

Transverse section

79
Q

Location of plant tissues in roots

A

Dermal:Root hairs + epidermis
Vascular: Xylem + Phloem in centre of root
Ground: Rest of cells (excl meristem)

80
Q

Location of plant tissue in stem

A

Pg.272

81
Q

Location of plant tissues in leaves

A

Pg 272

82
Q

What is Monocot short for?

A

Monocotyledons

83
Q

what is Dicot short dor

A

Dicotyledons

84
Q

Name some Monocot plants

A

Daffodils
Tulips
Grasses
Cereals (eg Wheat, Barley)

85
Q

Name some dicots

A

Beans
Peas
Peanuts
Sunflowers
Roses
trees (chestnut, oak, ash)

86
Q

5 Monocot Features

A

Single Cotyledon
Mostly herbaceous (soft)
Long narrow leaf w parallell veins
Vascular bundles are scattered randomly
Flowering parts in multiples of 3

87
Q

5 Dicot Features

A

Double Cotyledon
herbaceous or woody
Broad leaf Network of veins
Vascular bundles are scattered in a ring
Flowering parts in multiples of 5/4

88
Q

EXPERIMENT
To prepare and examine TS of a dicot stem

A

Cut thin sections of stem
Prepare microscope slide
Examine under low then high power
diagram

🌿5 Biology (29 decks)

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