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🌿5 Biology > 🟢24 T S GE in flowering plants > Flashcards

🟢24 T S GE in flowering plants Flashcards

1
Q

Whats an autotroph

A

Organism that makes its own food

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2
Q

What is the process called in which plants make their own food

A

Photosynthesis

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3
Q

What does Plant Metabolism refer to

A

reactions such as photosynthesis and reapiration

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4
Q

Name 3 adaptions of root hairs for adsorbtion

A

Thin walls
Not covered by a cuticle
Numerous=large surface area

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5
Q

The absorption of water into root hairs takes place by….

A

osmosis

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6
Q

How does water move from root hair to xylem

A

Water diffuses from the root hair cells into cells inside the root, continues to do so until it reaches xylem in the centre of the root

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7
Q

How is water capable of flowing through xylem

A

Xylem vessels form a continuous hollow pipeline from the roots to all parts of the plant

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8
Q

What is transpiration

A

Loss of water vapour (by evaporation) from leaves and other aerial parts of plant

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9
Q

What two mechanisms combine to allowe upward movement of water???!!

A

Root Pressure
Transpiration

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10
Q

How does root pressure occur 🤔🤔

A

When waters drawn into roots by osmosis, the build up of water causes a pressure which pushes water up throu the xylem

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11
Q

Whats the name of the openings where most transpiration takes place

A

Stomata, underside of a leaf

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12
Q

How does transpiration work in a plant leaf?

A

Water evaporates from cells in the leaf into air spaces
Then diffuses out into atmosphere throu stomata
As a result they become more concentrated than the xylem xells

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13
Q

What happens to the shape/solidity of the leaf cells when they lose water through transpiration

A

The become less swollen and turgid

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14
Q

Whats the result of transpiration in a plant

A

The leaf cells become more concentrated than the xylem cells meaning water passes from the xylem into the cells because of an OSMOTIC GRADIENT

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15
Q

What do plants need to transport

A

Water
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Minerals for their metabolism

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16
Q

How are minerals absorbed into roots
(2 ways)

A

by diffusion and active transport

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17
Q

how does transpiration mean water is pulled up from the root 🌳

A

as each water molecule is “pulled” from xylem by osmosis, it pulls the next water molecule with it
This pulling force goes all the way from leaf to root which pulls water molecules upwards!!

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18
Q

What is The flow of water through a plant known as

A

Transpiration Stream

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19
Q

How could a plant reduce wilting

A

By reducing their rate of transpiration

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20
Q

What are the ways a plant can reduce its rate of transpiration

A

1.Have a waxy cuticle which water cant pass on upper leaf (doesnt cover stomata)

2.Stomata located on lower surface of leaf so theyre not in direct sunlight (cooler so less evaporation)

3.Guard cells open by day for gas exchange, close by night to reduce water loss as photosynthesis cant occur in the dark at night (without light)

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21
Q

Whats the name of the cells that open or close stomata

A

Guard cells

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22
Q

What environmental conditions can cause stomata to close during the day?

A

If plant loses too much water
High temperatures
High wind
CLOSING STOMATA PLANT REDUCES WATER LOSS

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23
Q

Name a MINERAL that helps formation of plant cell walls

A

Calcium

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24
Q

Name a MINERAL that helps formation of magnesium

A

Chlorophyll

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25
Which method of mineral uptake does not require energy
Diffusion does not require energy its passive transport Avtive transport used energy in the form of ATP
26
What form of energy does Actuve Transport use to transport minerals in a plant
ATP
27
What are the two sources of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis in plant
-From the Atmostphere -Produced during respiration
28
How does carbon dioxide from atmosphere get into plants for photosynthesis
Comes in throu stomata Diffuses into airspaces in leaf Diffuses into photosynthesising cells in ground tissue of leaf
29
How does carbon dioxide from respiration get used in photosynthesis
Produced in leaf cells by process of respiration May also be used in photosynthesis NORE SUBSTANTIAL AT HIGHER TEMPS AS A RESULT OF INCREASED RESPIRATIOM
30
What are tje products of photosynthesis
Oxygen Glucose
31
Fate of the products of photosynthesis:
Oxygen: can diffuse out throu stomata can be used in leaf cells 4 respiration Glucose: Used for respiration Converted to starch for storage Converted to the carb sucrose
32
Fate:: What happens if glucose if converted to starch after photosynthesis…
Stored in leaf cells, spongy mesophyll cells, Important part of diet of leaf eating animals eg cows
33
Fate:: What happens if glucose if converted to sucrose after photosynthesis…
Sucrose enters phloem sieve tube cells in leaf Then transported throuout plant Called phloem sap once enters phloem sieve
34
Whats phloem sap
When Sucrose mixes with Water in phloem sieve it creayes a solution of sugary water
35
Food storage in plants: Modified root
Some dicots produce large V shaped root.This Tap Root: -penetrates deep for water -anchors plant The tap root becomes swollen and fleshy with stored food Eg. Carrot
36
Food storage in plants: Modified Stem
Potato plants produce underground stem system Tips become swollen with stored starch These swollen tips are called stem tubers
37
Whats a stem tuber
Swollen tip if an underground root system swollen due to stored starch
38
Food storage in plants: Modified Leaves
Onions, garlic, daffodils produce bulbs Bulb contains underground small stem Swollen fleshy leaves store food and are attavjed to this stem Entire bulb is protected by old dry scaly leaves
39
What is the function of stomata
Gas exchange
40
What are the three main gases exchanged in the leaf?
Carbon fioxide Oxygen Water vapour
41
What increases rate of gas exchange on a leaf
A large number of stomata increases the surface area
42
How does carbon dioxide enter the stomata/leaf
In sunlight, CO2 DIFFUSES from atmosphere -> leaf through stomata
43
Once inside the leaf/stomata, how does CO2 get to the ground tissue
it didfuses to the ground tissue through the AIR SPACES between these cells The air spaces increase the internal surface area of the leaf
44
How do air spaces in leaf cells help CO2 diffuse to ground tissue more readily
The air spaces increase the internal surface area of the leaf
45
How is oxygen released from the leaf
Diffuses from ground tissue, into the airspaces, out through stomata
46
What is the loss of water vapour from a plant called
Transpiration
47
How does water vapour exit the leaf
Diffuses out theough the stomata
48
In general when are the stomata open/ closed
The guard cells open by day to allow gas exchange (for photosynthesis) They close by night to reduce water loss
49
What are Lenticels
Openings in the stems of plants that allow gas exchange
50
What gases are exchanged in stems
Oxygen (for respiration) Carbon Dioxide (product of respiration) Water vapour
51
Which gases enter stem through lenticels
Oxygen diffuses inwards through lenticel for respiration
52
Which gases exit stem through lenticel
Carbon dioxide exits after being produced from respiration Water vapour
53
What does the cohesion tension model explain?!!
It explains how water is transported in plants to high heights against gravity
54
Who first proposed the cohesion-tension model of water movement in xylem?
In 1894 Irish Scientists Henry Dixon, John Joly Trinity college
55
What does it mean for water to have high cohesion?
The water molecules tend to stick together
56
Define cohesion
The sticking of **similar** molecules to eachother
57
Define Adhesion
**Different** molecules stick together
58
Define TACT, method to remember cohesion tension model
Transpiration Adhesion Cohesion Tension
59
Whats the transpiration stream?
The continual flow of water upwards through a plant
60
4 Favtors that increase the rate of transpiration
High temperatures Low humidity Gentle breeze High light intensity (increases rate stomata are open)
61
*****Steps to cohesion tension model
Water enters root hair by osmosis Water+dissolved materials transported in xylem Xylem forms continuous narrow hollow tubes from root to leaf
62
How does cohesion + Transpiration play a part in Cohesion Tension Model
They combine to create a pulling force: Water travels through xylem to stomata **Transpiration** pulls each water molecule out Next molecule is pulled with it due to **Cohesion**
63
How dies tension play a role in the cohesion tension model?
As water molecules are pulled out of the xylem/stomata by transpiration, the **xylem is stretched** The water in the xylem is said to be under **tension** The tension in the xylem due to transpiration is great enough to **pull water** to a **height of 150m**
64
Why are stems slightly narrower in the day? (Cohesion-Tension Model)
Stomata open in the day and transpiration occurs which produces tension in the xylem which causes xylem to stretch and become slightly narrower
65
How come xylem cells dont collapse inwards when theyre stretched during Cohesion Tension Model?
Each cell is strengthened with lignin
66
What do guard cells do to stomata?
they open or close the stomata
67
What happens when water enters the guard cells by osmosis?
They become swollen or turgid and buckle outwards leaving them open
68
What happens when guard cells lose water?
They shrink in size and the gap (the stoma) between the guard cells closes
69
What is a major factor in the process of stomatal opening and closing
Concentration of carbon dioxide in the airspaces of the leaf
70
What concentrations of CO2 cause stomata to open/close
High concentration CO2= close Low concentration CO2= open
71
How does high concentration of CO2 cause the stomata to close
Rate of photosynthesis falls in the evenings due to less light, Less co2 is absorbed from the airspaces in the leaves Stomata close
72
How does low concentration of co2 cause stomata to open?
Photosynthesis resumes in mornings, level of co2 falls because its absorbed by the cells in the ground tissue Stomata opens

🌿5 Biology (29 decks)

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