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🌿5 Biology > 🟢24 T S GE in flowering plants > Flashcards

🟢24 T S GE in flowering plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Whats an autotroph

A

Organism that makes its own food

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2
Q

What is the process called in which plants make their own food

A

Photosynthesis

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3
Q

What does Plant Metabolism refer to

A

reactions such as photosynthesis and reapiration

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4
Q

Name 3 adaptions of root hairs for adsorbtion

A

Thin walls
Not covered by a cuticle
Numerous=large surface area

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5
Q

The absorption of water into root hairs takes place by….

A

osmosis

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6
Q

How does water move from root hair to xylem

A

Water diffuses from the root hair cells into cells inside the root, continues to do so until it reaches xylem in the centre of the root

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7
Q

How is water capable of flowing through xylem

A

Xylem vessels form a continuous hollow pipeline from the roots to all parts of the plant

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8
Q

What is transpiration

A

Loss of water vapour (by evaporation) from leaves and other aerial parts of plant

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9
Q

What two mechanisms combine to allowe upward movement of water???!!

A

Root Pressure
Transpiration

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10
Q

How does root pressure occur 🤔🤔

A

When waters drawn into roots by osmosis, the build up of water causes a pressure which pushes water up throu the xylem

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11
Q

Whats the name of the openings where most transpiration takes place

A

Stomata, underside of a leaf

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12
Q

How does transpiration work in a plant leaf?

A

Water evaporates from cells in the leaf into air spaces
Then diffuses out into atmosphere throu stomata
As a result they become more concentrated than the xylem xells

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13
Q

What happens to the shape/solidity of the leaf cells when they lose water through transpiration

A

The become less swollen and turgid

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14
Q

Whats the result of transpiration in a plant

A

The leaf cells become more concentrated than the xylem cells meaning water passes from the xylem into the cells because of an OSMOTIC GRADIENT

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15
Q

What do plants need to transport

A

Water
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Minerals for their metabolism

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16
Q

How are minerals absorbed into roots
(2 ways)

A

by diffusion and active transport

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17
Q

how does transpiration mean water is pulled up from the root 🌳

A

as each water molecule is “pulled” from xylem by osmosis, it pulls the next water molecule with it
This pulling force goes all the way from leaf to root which pulls water molecules upwards!!

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18
Q

What is The flow of water through a plant known as

A

Transpiration Stream

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19
Q

How could a plant reduce wilting

A

By reducing their rate of transpiration

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20
Q

What are the ways a plant can reduce its rate of transpiration

A

1.Have a waxy cuticle which water cant pass on upper leaf (doesnt cover stomata)

2.Stomata located on lower surface of leaf so theyre not in direct sunlight (cooler so less evaporation)

3.Guard cells open by day for gas exchange, close by night to reduce water loss as photosynthesis cant occur in the dark at night (without light)

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21
Q

Whats the name of the cells that open or close stomata

A

Guard cells

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22
Q

What environmental conditions can cause stomata to close during the day?

A

If plant loses too much water
High temperatures
High wind
CLOSING STOMATA PLANT REDUCES WATER LOSS

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23
Q

Name a MINERAL that helps formation of plant cell walls

A

Calcium

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24
Q

Name a MINERAL that helps formation of magnesium

A

Chlorophyll

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25
Q

Which method of mineral uptake does not require energy

A

Diffusion does not require energy its passive transport
Avtive transport used energy in the form of ATP

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26
Q

What form of energy does Actuve Transport use to transport minerals in a plant

A

ATP

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27
Q

What are the two sources of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis in plant

A

-From the Atmostphere
-Produced during respiration

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28
Q

How does carbon dioxide from atmosphere get into plants for photosynthesis

A

Comes in throu stomata
Diffuses into airspaces in leaf
Diffuses into photosynthesising cells in ground tissue of leaf

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29
Q

How does carbon dioxide from respiration get used in photosynthesis

A

Produced in leaf cells by process of respiration
May also be used in photosynthesis
NORE SUBSTANTIAL AT HIGHER TEMPS AS A RESULT OF INCREASED RESPIRATIOM

30
Q

What are tje products of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen
Glucose

31
Q

Fate of the products of photosynthesis:

A

Oxygen:
can diffuse out throu stomata
can be used in leaf cells 4 respiration

Glucose:
Used for respiration
Converted to starch for storage
Converted to the carb sucrose

32
Q

Fate::
What happens if glucose if converted to starch after photosynthesis…

A

Stored in leaf cells, spongy mesophyll cells,
Important part of diet of leaf eating animals eg cows

33
Q

Fate::

What happens if glucose if converted to sucrose after photosynthesis…

A

Sucrose enters phloem sieve tube cells in leaf
Then transported throuout plant
Called phloem sap once enters phloem sieve

34
Q

Whats phloem sap

A

When Sucrose mixes with Water in phloem sieve it creayes a solution of sugary water

35
Q

Food storage in plants:
Modified root

A

Some dicots produce large V shaped root.This Tap Root:
-penetrates deep for water
-anchors plant

The tap root becomes swollen and fleshy with stored food
Eg. Carrot

36
Q

Food storage in plants:
Modified Stem

A

Potato plants produce underground stem system
Tips become swollen with stored starch
These swollen tips are called stem tubers

37
Q

Whats a stem tuber

A

Swollen tip if an underground root system
swollen due to stored starch

38
Q

Food storage in plants:
Modified Leaves

A

Onions, garlic, daffodils produce bulbs
Bulb contains underground small stem
Swollen fleshy leaves store food and are attavjed to this stem
Entire bulb is protected by old dry scaly leaves

39
Q

What is the function of stomata

A

Gas exchange

40
Q

What are the three main gases exchanged in the leaf?

A

Carbon fioxide
Oxygen
Water vapour

41
Q

What increases rate of gas exchange on a leaf

A

A large number of stomata increases the surface area

42
Q

How does carbon dioxide enter the stomata/leaf

A

In sunlight, CO2 DIFFUSES from atmosphere -> leaf through stomata

43
Q

Once inside the leaf/stomata, how does CO2 get to the ground tissue

A

it didfuses to the ground tissue through the AIR SPACES between these cells
The air spaces increase the internal surface area of the leaf

44
Q

How do air spaces in leaf cells help CO2 diffuse to ground tissue more readily

A

The air spaces increase the internal surface area of the leaf

45
Q

How is oxygen released from the leaf

A

Diffuses from ground tissue, into the airspaces, out through stomata

46
Q

What is the loss of water vapour from a plant called

A

Transpiration

47
Q

How does water vapour exit the leaf

A

Diffuses out theough the stomata

48
Q

In general when are the stomata open/ closed

A

The guard cells open by day to allow gas exchange (for photosynthesis)
They close by night to reduce water loss

49
Q

What are Lenticels

A

Openings in the stems of plants that allow gas exchange

50
Q

What gases are exchanged in stems

A

Oxygen (for respiration)
Carbon Dioxide (product of respiration)
Water vapour

51
Q

Which gases enter stem through lenticels

A

Oxygen diffuses inwards through lenticel for respiration

52
Q

Which gases exit stem through lenticel

A

Carbon dioxide exits after being produced from respiration
Water vapour

53
Q

What does the cohesion tension model explain?!!

A

It explains how water is transported in plants to high heights against gravity

54
Q

Who first proposed the cohesion-tension model of water movement in xylem?

A

In 1894
Irish Scientists
Henry Dixon, John Joly
Trinity college

55
Q

What does it mean for water to have high cohesion?

A

The water molecules tend to stick together

56
Q

Define cohesion

A

The sticking of similar molecules to eachother

57
Q

Define Adhesion

A

Different molecules stick together

58
Q

Define TACT, method to remember cohesion tension model

A

Transpiration
Adhesion
Cohesion
Tension

59
Q

Whats the transpiration stream?

A

The continual flow of water upwards through a plant

60
Q

4 Favtors that increase the rate of transpiration

A

High temperatures
Low humidity
Gentle breeze
High light intensity (increases rate stomata are open)

61
Q

*****Steps to cohesion tension model

A

Water enters root hair by osmosis
Water+dissolved materials transported in xylem
Xylem forms continuous narrow hollow tubes from root to leaf

62
Q

How does cohesion + Transpiration play a part in Cohesion Tension Model

A

They combine to create a pulling force:

Water travels through xylem to stomata
Transpiration pulls each water molecule out
Next molecule is pulled with it due to Cohesion

63
Q

How dies tension play a role in the cohesion tension model?

A

As water molecules are pulled out of the xylem/stomata by transpiration, the xylem is stretched
The water in the xylem is said to be under tension
The tension in the xylem due to transpiration is great enough to pull water to a height of 150m

64
Q

Why are stems slightly narrower in the day? (Cohesion-Tension Model)

A

Stomata open in the day and transpiration occurs which produces tension in the xylem which causes xylem to stretch and become slightly narrower

65
Q

How come xylem cells dont collapse inwards when theyre stretched during Cohesion Tension Model?

A

Each cell is strengthened with lignin

66
Q

What do guard cells do to stomata?

A

they open or close the stomata

67
Q

What happens when water enters the guard cells by osmosis?

A

They become swollen or turgid and buckle outwards leaving them open

68
Q

What happens when guard cells lose water?

A

They shrink in size and the gap (the stoma) between the guard cells closes

69
Q

What is a major factor in the process of stomatal opening and closing

A

Concentration of carbon dioxide in the airspaces of the leaf

70
Q

What concentrations of CO2 cause stomata to open/close

A

High concentration CO2= close
Low concentration CO2= open

71
Q

How does high concentration of CO2 cause the stomata to close

A

Rate of photosynthesis falls in the evenings due to less light,
Less co2 is absorbed from the airspaces in the leaves
Stomata close

72
Q

How does low concentration of co2 cause stomata to open?

A

Photosynthesis resumes in mornings,
level of co2 falls because its absorbed by the cells in the ground tissue
Stomata opens

🌿5 Biology (29 decks)

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