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GI Midterm 1 > GI Pathology (Quiz) > Flashcards

GI Pathology (Quiz) Flashcards

1
Q

stratified squamous epithelium found in what part of the digestive tract

what color is it

A
  • esophagus
  • anus
  • white
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2
Q

simple columnar epithelium found in what part of the digestive tract

what color is it

A
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • rectum
  • red/tan
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3
Q

squamous carcinomas affect which layer

A
  • epithelium (squamous layer)
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4
Q

adenocarcinomas affect which layer

A
  • epithelium (columnar and intestinal)
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5
Q

what is metaplasia

A
  • conversion of one normal cell type to another
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6
Q

infectious and inflammatory processes affect what layer

A
  • epithelial layer (mucosa)
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7
Q

bleeding affects what layer

A
  • submucosa
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8
Q

motility disorders affect what layer

A
  • muscularis externa
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9
Q

squamous cell carcinoma composed of

A
  • solid clusters of cancer cells

- keratin pearls

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10
Q

adenocarcinoma composed of

A
  • glands of cancer cells
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11
Q

erosion is what type of necrosis

involves

heals by

A
  • superficial
  • mucosa
  • regeneration
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12
Q

ulcer is what type of necrosis

involves

heals by

A
  • deeper necrosis
  • mucosa + deeper layers
  • granulation tissue and scar
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13
Q

gross morphology digestive tract malignancies

A
  • fungating - protrudes into lumen
  • infiltiration - spreads down and out
  • ulcerating - invaginations
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14
Q

what is one danger with forming a scar in the GI tract

A
  • contraction of scar - stricture
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15
Q

esophagus is surrounded by which nerves

A
  • vagus

- recurrent laryngeal

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16
Q

what is another name for the hiatus of the diaphragm

A
  • gastroesophageal junction
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17
Q

inner muscularis propria is ______ muscle

outer muscular propria is ________ muscle

A
  • circular

- longitudinal

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18
Q

clinical name for heartburn

A
  • pyrosis
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19
Q

clinical name for painful swallowing

A
  • odynophagia
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20
Q

problems that cause achalasia

A
  • lack of peristalsis in esophageal body

- non relaxation of LES

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21
Q

what disease can mimic achalasia

A
  • Chagas
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22
Q

what does the barium swallow of achalasia look like

A
  • bird beak
  • dilated esophagus
  • narrowing at distal esophagus
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23
Q

treatment of achalasia

A
  • botox injection
  • pneumatic dilation
  • esophageal myotomy
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24
Q

MOA of botox injection for treatment of achalasia

A
  • blocks presynaptic Ach release
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25
Q

what happens in jackhammer esophagus

A
  • hyper contractile peristalsis
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26
Q

what happens in ineffective esophageal motility

seen in association with

A
  • weakened peristalsis

- reflux disease

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27
Q

scleroderma esophagus affects which portion of esophagus

A
  • lower 2/3
28
Q

infectious esophagitis is most common in what patient population

other predisposing conditions

A
  • immunocompromised
  • diabetes
  • alcohol use
  • increased age
  • lots of antibiotics
29
Q

what is the most common esophageal pathogen

A
  • candida
30
Q

pathogenesis of esophageal candidiasis

A
  • normal GI growth + predisposing conditions
31
Q

gross path of esophageal candidiasis

A
  • superficial white plaques
32
Q

herpetic esophagitis is due to

A
  • HSV I
33
Q

herpetic esophagitis affects which cells

A
  • epithelial
34
Q

what do you see in histopath of herpetic esophagitis

A
  • ground glass nuclear inclusions
  • margination due to chromatin pushed to edges
  • multinucleate cells with nuclear molding
35
Q

CMV effects what cells

A
  • endothelial cells

- fibroblasts

36
Q

what do you see in the histopath of CMV

A
  • nuclear inclusions

- nuclear and cytomegaly

37
Q

causes of chemical esophagitis in adults and children

A
  • adults - suicide

- children - accidental

38
Q

between acid solutions, alkaline solutions, and alkaline solids, which are worse for ingestion

A
  • alkaline solutions > acid solutions > alkaline solids
39
Q

alkali solutions cause what

A
  • liquefactive necrosis
40
Q

acidic solutions cause what

A
  • coagulative necrosis
41
Q

eosinophilic esophagitis affects what in the esophagus

A
  • intraepithelial mucosa
42
Q

cause of eosinophilic esophagitis

A
  • environmental allergen
43
Q

diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis

A
  • upper endoscopy and biopsy
44
Q

what is a hiatal hernia

cause

A
  • herniated of stomach into thorax through enlarged diaphragmatic hiatus
45
Q

types of hiatal hernias

which is most common

A
  • sliding - most common

- paraesophageal

46
Q

what can hiatal hernia lead to

A
  • incompetent LES

- GERD

47
Q

reflux of gastric contents causes what problems

A
  • chemical injury of mucosa
48
Q

where do reflux contents enter into the esophagus

A
  • distal esophagus
49
Q

what do you see on histopath of GERD

A
  • intraepithelial inflammation of PMNs and eosinophils
50
Q

important pathophysiology of GERD

A
  • transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations
51
Q

clinical presentation of GERD

A
  • erosive esophagitis

- esophageal stricture

52
Q

empiric therapy for GERD

who do you use this for?

A
  • try proton pump inhibitors and see if they help

- patients with low risk of significant complications and no alarm symptoms

53
Q

red flags of GERD

A
  • lots of weight loss
  • recurrent vomiting
  • bleeding
  • anemia
  • dysphagia
  • jaundice
  • abdominal mass
  • older age at onset
54
Q

how to diagnose GERD

A
  • see if the PPI test worked

- upper endoscopy

55
Q

meds for GERD

A
  • antacids
  • H2 receptor antagonists
  • proton pump inhibitors
56
Q

surgical treatments for GERD

A
  • Nissen fundoplication
57
Q

what is barret’s esophagus

what tissue does it turn into

A
  • metaplasia of normal esophageal stratified squamous epithelium
  • intestinal columnar epithelium
58
Q

big risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • tobacco

- alcohol

59
Q

big risk factors for adenocarcinoma

A
  • GERD/Barrett’s esophagus
60
Q

how does Barrett’s become adenocarcinoma

A
  • Barrett metaplasia -> dysplasia -> adenocarcinoma

- continued reflux and injury

61
Q

what do dysplastic cells look like

A
  • large
  • hyperchromatic - darker
  • pleomorphic - different size
62
Q

how can esophageal malignancies lead to dysphagia

A
  • circumferential growth leads to obstruction and stenosis
63
Q

how to diagnose esophageal cancer

A
  • upper endoscopy
64
Q

big symptoms of esophageal cancer

A
  • dysphagia

- weight loss

65
Q

symptom of local infiltration of recurrent laryngeal nerve

A
  • hoarseness

GI Midterm 1 (25 decks)

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