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GI Midterm 1 > Carb and Protein Digestion Module (Quiz) > Flashcards

Carb and Protein Digestion Module (Quiz) Flashcards

1
Q

most dietary carbohydrates are

A
  • large polysaccharides

- disaccharides

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2
Q

4 different forms of carbohydrates we consume

A
  • starch
  • sucrose
  • lactose
  • maltose
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3
Q

which two polysaccharides compose starch

A
  • amylose

- amylopectin

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4
Q

both amylose and amylopectin are ______ polymers

A
  • glucose
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5
Q

luminal digestion of starch begins in the mouth with the action of _______ and ends in the small intestine via action of ________

A
  • alpha-amylase

- pancreatic alpha amylase

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6
Q

salivary and pancreatic amylase have optimum activities near _____ pH

A
  • neutral
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7
Q

salivary amylase destroyed by ________

A
  • acid in the stomach
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8
Q

where does most digestion of starch occur

A
  • small intestine
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9
Q

role of pancreatic alpha-amylase

A
  • hydrolyze alpha 1,4 bonds of amylose and amylopectin into alpha-limit dextrins
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10
Q

final digestive step of carbs occurs where

what happens?

A
  • intestinal brush border
  • intestinal brush border enzymes cleave oligosaccharides and disaccharide into glucose, fructose, and galactose which can be absorbed across the brush border
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11
Q

rate limiting step in sugar assimilation

A
  • absorption of monosaccharides across brush border
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12
Q

under normal circumstances the majority of sugar assimilation is complete by the time it reaches ________

A
  • proximal jejunum
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13
Q

do we have a cellulase capable of digestiing beta glucose bonds like are found in cellulose

A
  • no
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14
Q

routes of absorption of carbohydrates

A
  • SGLT-1
  • GLUT-5
  • GLUT-2
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15
Q

SGLT-1 transmembrane protein mediates transfer of __________ cross apical membrane.

occurs via ___________ transport

also allows transport of ______ and _____

A
  • sodium and glucose
  • sodium dependent secondary active transport
  • galactose and glucose
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16
Q

unlike the SGLT-1 transmembrane protein which requires active transport, the GLUT-5 and GLUT-2 transmembrane proteins work via ___________

A
  • passive diffusion
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17
Q

___________ facilitates the transport of fructose across the apical membrane into the cytosol

A
  • GLUT-5
18
Q

_________ allows for diffusion of glucose and galactose across basolateral membrane into the portal circulation

A
  • GLUT-2
19
Q

apical transport is _________ driven

A
  • energy driven
20
Q

the intestine is capable of transporting not just single amino acids but also _________

A
  • short oligomers
21
Q

the final stage of protein digestion takes place where?

A
  • cytosol of the enterocyte
22
Q

luminal digestion

proteolytic digestive enzymes are released in ______ forms first

A
  • inactive zymogens
23
Q

how does pepsinogen become activated into pepsin

A
  • secreted into low pH environment in response to a meal

- undergoes autocatalytic cleavage

24
Q

pepsins cleave dietary proteins at ______ amino acids

A
  • neutral
25
Q

pepsins inactivated at pHs ______

A

above 4.5

26
Q

majority of products that come from proteolytic action of pepsin

A
  • large non-absorbable peptides

- few free amino acids

27
Q

the majority of proteolysis occurs where

A
  • small intestinal lumen
28
Q

classification of pancreatic proteases

A
  • endopeptidases

- exopeptidases

29
Q

endopeptidases cleave proteins and peptides at _______ bonds whereas exopeptidases cleave at _________

A
  • internal amide bond (INTERNAL IS IMPORTANT)

- terminal amio acid (TERMINAL IS IMPORTANT)

30
Q

endopeptidases include:

A
  • trypsin
  • chymotrypsin
  • elastase
31
Q

exopeptidases include:

A
  • carboxypeptidase A and B
32
Q

inactive zymogens converted into active forms via action of ___________

A
  • trypsin
33
Q

trypsin is produced as a result of cleavage by trypsinogen via enzyme _________

A
  • enterokinase
34
Q

enterokinase expressed on apical membrane of ______ epithelial cells

A
  • duodenal
35
Q

which proteins can be absorbed by carriers

A
  • di and tri peptides

- free amino acids

36
Q

small peptides are absorbed by a carrier with a _______ specificity

A
  • broad
37
Q

absorption of peptides is __________ of the Na+ gradient is stimulated by an inwardly directed ______ gradient maintained via an apical __________ exchanger

absorption of free amino acids is _______ on the Na+ gradient

A
  • independent
  • H+
  • sodium-hydrogen
  • dependent
38
Q

peptides that enter enterocytes are further hydrolyzed by _______ to free amino acids

A
  • cytoplasmic peptidases
39
Q

how do free amino acids get into portal circulation

A
  • carrier-mediated

- diffuse across basolateral membrane

40
Q

lactose breaks into

A
  • glucose

- galactose

GI Midterm 1 (25 decks)

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