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Developmental Psychology > Genes and environment > Flashcards

Genes and environment Flashcards

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1
Q

the process by which sperm and ovum- the male and female gametes or sex combined to create a single cell called a zygote,

A

Fertilization or conception

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2
Q

this is produced after the union of sperm and egg cell

A

zygote

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3
Q

One-celled organism resulting from fertilization.

A

zygote

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4
Q

This process produces all the cells that make baby

A

cell division

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5
Q

It is the time during which conception is possible

A

fertile window”

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6
Q

At birth, a girl is believed to have about______immature ova in her two ovaries, each ovum in its own follicle, or small sac

A

2 million

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7
Q

It is a rupture of a mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum occurs about once every 28 days until menopause

A

ovulation

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8
Q

It is the tiny hair cells towards the uterus or wombs that sweep along the ovum through one of the fallopian tubes

A

cillia

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9
Q

_______ are produced in the testicles (testes), or reproductive glands, of a mature male at a rate of several hundred million a day and are ejaculated at semen at sexual climax

A

Sperm cells

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10
Q

Deposited in the vagina, they try to swim through the_____ , the opening of the uterus, and into____, but only a tiny fraction make it that far

A

cervix, fallopian tubes

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11
Q

This normally occurs while the ovum is passing through the fallopian

A

Fertilization

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12
Q

If fertilization does not occur, the ovum and any sperm cells in the woman’s body die
The sperm is absorbed by the________ and the ovum passes through the uterus and exits through the vagina in the form of

A

woman’s white blood cells,
menstruation

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13
Q

A sperm’s _______ enables it to swim through the cervix and up the fallopian tube

A

long tail

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14
Q

The sperm’s rounded head releases______ that helps it penetrate the ovum’s thick surface and fertilize the ovum by fusing with its nucleus.

A

enzymes

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15
Q

This method provides couples having difficulty conceiving naturally with a means to augment their fertility

A

Assisted reproductive technology (ART),

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16
Q

It is an assistive reproductive technology in which sperm is injected into a woman’s vagina, cervix, or uterus

A

artificial insemination,

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17
Q

It is an assistive reproductive technology in which a woman’s ova are surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and implanted in the woman’s uterus

A

vitro fertilization

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18
Q

It is an assistive reproductive technology in which the egg of a woman will freeze to extend their years of fertility. Eggs are harvested with the intention of conceiving a child at a later date with the help of IVF

A

cryopreservation, or egg freezing

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19
Q

They are the result of two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperm

A

Dizygotic twins

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20
Q

What is the term for Dizygotic twins?

A

Fraternal Twins

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21
Q

Genetically, they are like a sibling who inhabits the same womb at the same time, and they can be the same or different sex.

A

Dizygotic twins

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22
Q

They result from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally identical

A

Monozygotic Twins

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23
Q

What is the other term for monozygotic twins?

A

Identical twins

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24
Q

This type of twin has the same genetic makeup

A

monozygotic twins

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25
Q

This term states that the changing of genes right after birth. Basically yung genes natin nagbabago because of our environment.

A

Epigenesis

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26
Q

It is the genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring.

A

Heredity

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27
Q

When ovum and sperm unite, they endow the baby-to-be with a ______that influences a wide range of characteristics from color of eyes and hair to health, intellect and personality

A

genetic makeup

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28
Q

A double-helix structure of a DNA molecule resembles a long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called base

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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29
Q

What are the bases of DNA, by pair? Write it on a piece of paper or your whiteboard

A

Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

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30
Q

These are coils of DNA that consist of smaller segments called genes, the functional units of heredity

A

Chromosomes

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31
Q

The sequence of bases in genes tells the cell how to make the_____ that enables it to carry out specific functions

A

proteins

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32
Q

This is the complete sequence of genes in the human body.

A

Human genome

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33
Q

The body cells of women and men contain how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

23

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34
Q

What is the basic unit of inheritance?

A

Genes

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35
Q

Each _____ (ovum and sperm) has only 23 single chromosomes because of a special kind of cell division (meiosis).

A

sex cell

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36
Q

At _______, the 23 chromosomes from the sperm join the 23 from the ovum so that the zygote receives 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.

A

fertilization

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37
Q

Through ______, a process by which the non-sex cells divide in half over and over again, the DNA replicates itself, so that each newly formed cell has the same DNA structure as all the other

A

mitosis

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38
Q

These are permanent alterations in genetic material.

A

Mutations

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39
Q

When development is normal, each cell (except the sex cells) continues to have _____ chromosomes identical to those in the original zygote.

A

46

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40
Q

These chromosomes are not related to sexual expression

A

autosomes

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41
Q

How many pairs of our 23 chromosomes are autosomes?

A

22 pairs

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42
Q

The _______ genetically determines a child’s sex.

A

father’s sperm

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43
Q

The_______ are sex chromosomes—one from the father and one from the mother—that govern the baby’s sex.

A

twenty-third pair

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44
Q

Males have _ sex chromosomes, and sperms either have _ or _

A

XY
X,Y

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45
Q

The ___ chromosome contains the gene for maleness

A

Y

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46
Q

This is called the genes for maleness

A

SRY gene

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47
Q

What gender is this pair XX?

A

Female

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48
Q

What gender is this pair? XY

A

Male

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49
Q

They promote development and inhibit testicular development

A

HOX gene and Wnt-4

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50
Q

a gene on the Y chromosomes; once turned on, cell differentiation and formation of the testes is triggered

A

SRY gene

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51
Q

Genes that can produce alternative expressions of a characteristic (such as the presence or absence of dimples) are called

A

alleles

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52
Q

A person is ____ for the characteristic when both alleles are the same

A

homozygous

53
Q

A person is ____ for the characteristic when both alleles are different

A

heterozygous

54
Q

A pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives a different allele, only the dominant one is expresses

A

Dominant inheritance

55
Q

A Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites in chromosomes affect a complex trait

A

Polygenic inheritance

56
Q

This is the Observable characteristics of a person

A

Phenotype

57
Q

This is a concept which means containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics of a person

A

Genotype

58
Q

It is the combination of genetic environmental factors to produce certain complex traits

A

Multifactorial Transmission

59
Q

A phenomenon where genes are turned off or on as they are needed by the developing body or when triggered by the environment

A

Epigenesis/epigenetics

60
Q

It is attached to a gene that affects the way a cell “reads” the gene’s DNA. It’s function of is to differentiate various types of body cells, such as brain cells, skin cells, and liver cells

A

chemical molecules, or “tags,”

61
Q

Defects transmitted by ________ are less likely to be lethal at an early age than those transmitted by recessive inheritance because any affected children would be likely to die before reproducing. Therefore, that gene would not be passed on to the next generation and would soon disappear from the population.

A

dominant inheritance

62
Q

Defects transmitted by _______ tend to be lethal at an early age, in contrast to those transmitted by dominant genes, because recessive genes can be transmitted by dominant genes. After all, recessive genes can be transmitted by heterozygous carriers who do not themselves have the disorder.

A

recessive genes

63
Q

It is the presence of a dominant/recessive gene pair that results in the full expression of the dominant gene masking off the recessive gene

-Ex. Sickle-cell anemia with incomplete dominance will result in RBCs that are not sickle-shaped not round either

A

Incomplete dominance

64
Q

A birth defect in which severe anemia reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is present; nearly all affected infants are stillborn or die soon after birth

A

Alpha thalassemia

65
Q

A birth defect in which Severe anemia results in weakness, fatigue, and frequent illness; usually fatal in adolescence or young adulthood

A

Beta thalassemia (Cooley’s anemia)

66
Q

This is a birth defect that Overproduction of mucus, which collects in the lung and digestive tract; children do not grow normally; short life span; the most common inherited lethal defect among White people

A

Cystic fibrosis

67
Q

This fatal disease is usually found in males, marked by muscle weakness and minor intellectual disability; respiratory failure and death usually occur in young adulthood

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

68
Q

Excessive bleeding, usually affecting males; in its most severe form, can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood

A

Hemophilia

69
Q

Absence of brain tissues; infants are stillborn or die soon after birth

A

Anencephaly

70
Q

A birth defect in which a Completely closed spinal canal, muscle weakness or paralysis, and loss of bladder and bowel control; often accompanied by hydrocephalus, an accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain, and intellectual disability

A

Spina bifida

71
Q

Metabolic disorder resulting in intellectual disability

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

72
Q

A birth defect that enlarges kidneys, leading to respiratory problems and congestive heart failure.

A

Polycystic kidney disease, Infantile form

73
Q

A birth defect that will cause kidney pain, kidney stones, and hypertension resulting in chronic kidney failure

A

Polycystic kidney disease, Adult form:

74
Q

Deformed red blood cells that clog blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen; symptoms include severe pain, stunted growth, infections, leg ulcers, gallstones, pneumonia, and stroke

A

Sickle-cell anemia

75
Q

Degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells, resulting in death before age 5

A

Tay-Sachs disease

76
Q

A Pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring.

A

sex-linked inheritance

77
Q

Heterozygote females who carry one “Bad” copy of a recessive gene and one “good” one are called_____.

A

carriers

78
Q

A sex chromosome abnormality in which a female has a normal appearance, menstrual irregularities, learning disorders, intellectual disability

A

XXX (triple X)

79
Q

A sex chromosome abnormality in which a Male is sterility, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, small testes, learning disorders

A

XXY (Klinefelter)

80
Q

A sex chromosome abnormality in which
a Female has short stature, webbed necks, impaired spatial abilities, no menstruation, infertility, underdeveloped sex organs

A

XO/Turner

81
Q

Minor-to-severe intellectual disability is more severe in males; delayed speech and motor development, hyperactivity; the most common inherited form of intellectual disability

A

Fragile X

82
Q

What is the other term for Down syndrome?

A

trisomy-21.

83
Q

A chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and by such physical signs as a down-ward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes. A

A

Down Syndrome

84
Q

The condition is also called trisomy-21 because it is characterized in more than 90 percent of cases by an extra 21st chromosome.

A

Down Syndrome

85
Q

The brains of children with Down syndrome appear nearly normal at birth but shrink in volume by young adulthood, particularly in the _________ and ___________

A

hippocampal area and prefrontal cortex,

86
Q

more _____ mothers have children with Down syndrome

A

young

87
Q

Research also shows having a father less than ___or over_____years old increases the risk

A

20 or over 40

88
Q

They help prospective parents assess their risk of bearing children with genetic or chromosomal defect

A

Genetic Counseling

89
Q

It is a procedure where Chromosomes from body tissues may be analyzed and photographed and the photographs enlarged and arranged according to size and structure on a chart

A

karyotype.

90
Q

This chart can show chromosomal abnormalities and can indicate whether a person might transmit genetic defects to a child

A

karyotype.

91
Q

A Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences or behavior seeks to measure how much heredity and environment influence particular traits.

A

Behavioral Genetics

92
Q

A statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population. It estimates how much of a trait is due to genetics and how much is the result of environmental influences by using a concept known as ______

A

Heritability

93
Q

A term describing the tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder.

A

concordant

94
Q

A heritability estimate of _____indicates that genes are 100 percent responsible for variances in the trait within the population.

A

1.0

95
Q

A heritability estimate of ______percent would indicate the environment shaped a trait

A

0.0

96
Q

It refers to a range or limit of potential expressions of hereditary traits.

Example
-Body size, depends on biological processes, which are genetically regulated. Even so, a range of sizes is possible, depending on environmental opportunities and constraints and a person’s behavior

A

Reaction Range

97
Q

______can influence whether a reaction range is wide or narrow
For example, a child is born with a defect producing mild cognitive limitation is more able to respond to a favorable environment than a child born with severe limitations

Example: Yung reaction range ng height ni ate joy is nasa 4’5-4’11 langs, napaka narrow ng difference

A

Heredity

98
Q

They are strongly programmed by genes, and there is little opportunity for variance in their expression

A

Highly canalized traits

99
Q

Language, motor development, typical babies follow a predictable sequence: crawling or scoot-ng, walking, and then running are what kind of traits?

A

Highly canalized traits

100
Q

Cognition and personality, however, are not highly________

A

canalized

101
Q

It refers to the effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals, and a discussion of these interactions is a way to conceptualize and talk about the different ways nature and nurture interact.

To take a familiar example, many children are exposed to pollen and dust, but those with a genetic predisposition are more likely to develop allergic reaction

A

Genotype-environment interaction

102
Q

This concept states that the environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences. This tendency works in three ways to strengthen the phenotypic expression of a genotypic tendency

A

genotype-environment correlation

103
Q

A genotype-environment correlation in which parents, who provide the genes that predispose a child toward a trait, also tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of that trait. You not only inherit genes from your biological parents, you also inherit environments

A

Passive Correlation

104
Q

A genotype-environment correlation in which Children with differing genetic make-ups evoke different reactions from other
- Non-musically inclined parents may make a music room for their child who seems to exhibit musicality

  • In this way, the parents are reacting to the genetic makeup of the child

This is also applicable in foster child

A

Reactive, or evocative correlation

105
Q

As children get older and have more freedom to choose their activities and environments, they actively select or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies. Usually nangyayari ito during adolescent
Ex
An adolescent with a talent for music will probably seek out musical friends, take music classes, and go to concerts if such opportunities are available

A

Active Correlations

106
Q

This tendency to seek out environments compatible with one’s genotype is called _____; it helps explain why identical twins reared apart tend to have similar characteristics.

A

niche-picking

107
Q

The unique environment in which each child grows up, consists of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.

A

nonshared environmental effects

108
Q

______ is a condensed unit of DNA

A

chromosomes

109
Q

What is the connection of Evolution to Dev Psych?

A

Mayroon kasing development sa evolution kasi mayroong changes. Lahat ng organisms may evolution

110
Q

What are the 4 principles of Evolution?

A
  1. Organisms vary: Lahat ng lliving things ay may pagkakaiba, bakit? Kasi iba iba yung combination ng genes
  2. Organisms need to compete for limited resources
  3. Organisms pass on their genes if they survive long enough
  4. Some organism, because of their variation, survives better then pass their variation to the next generation:
111
Q

A branch of psychology which have an interest in cognitive or behavioral adaptations

A

Evolutionary Psychology

112
Q

_____ Evolution is more focused on natural adaptations

A

natural science

113
Q

______ are not always adaptive in contemporary society (feast kapag maraming food before kasi nagha-hunt lang sila at walang palengke. Kung may nahuli, automatic fiesta agad)

A

Evolved mechanisms

114
Q

-In this theory, what matters is that individuals live long enough to reproduce and pass on their characteristics.

A

evolutionary theory

115
Q

So why do humans live so long after reproduction?

A

d pass on their characteristics. So why do humans live so long after reproduction?
-Perhaps evolution favored longevity because having older people around improves the survival rates of babies. Possibly having grandparents alive to care for the young while parents were hunting and gathering food created an evolutionary advantage

116
Q

Why people aged 0-40 do not have a disease?

A

Parang di tayo nagkakasakit kasi immuned tayo at protected tayo ng evolution but as we grow old as we reach the age na di na tayo protected ng evolution dahil naipasa na yung genes natin, doon na tayo nakakaramdam ng panghihina. After ng reproduction age na atin, doon na lumalabas yng mga sakit and declined sa ating body

117
Q

We protected by our ____ so when we are aged 0-40 ay di tayo nagkakasakit

A

evolution

118
Q

Kailan natatapos ang evolution protection?

A

After reproduction age

119
Q

Bakit after reprduction age natatapos ang evolution protection

A

kasi hindi na tayo kailangan ng nature dahil nailabas na antin ang ating off spring.

120
Q

-According to life-span developmental _____2003), the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age

A

Paul Baltes (

121
Q

This person acknowledges the important influences of evolution on human adaptation. However, he rejects what he calls “one-sided evolutionism”, which sees social behavior as a product of evolved biology

A

Albert Bandura (1988)

122
Q

This person states that an alternative is a bidirectional view, in which environmental and biological conditions influence each other

A

Albert Bandura (1988)

123
Q

_______ gave us bodily structure and biological potentialities, but it does not dictate behavior

A

Evolution

124
Q

At the age of ____weeks, the nervous system begins to grow

A

3 weeks

125
Q

This begins with a child at the age of 4 weeks

A

The heart begins to beat

126
Q

This begins with a child at the age of 5 weeks

A

Head continues rapid growth

127
Q

At the age of ____weeks, almost all body parts are differentiated.

A

8 weeks

128
Q

At the age of ____weeks, the growth of the head slows. The formation of red blood cells by the liver slows.

A

Developmental Psychology (21 decks)

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