Genes and environment Flashcards
1
Q
the process by which sperm and ovum- the male and female gametes or sex combined to create a single cell called a zygote,
A
Fertilization or conception
2
Q
this is produced after the union of sperm and egg cell
A
zygote
3
Q
One-celled organism resulting from fertilization.
A
zygote
4
Q
This process produces all the cells that make baby
A
cell division
5
Q
It is the time during which conception is possible
A
fertile window”
6
Q
At birth, a girl is believed to have about______immature ova in her two ovaries, each ovum in its own follicle, or small sac
A
2 million
7
Q
It is a rupture of a mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum occurs about once every 28 days until menopause
A
ovulation
8
Q
It is the tiny hair cells towards the uterus or wombs that sweep along the ovum through one of the fallopian tubes
A
cillia
9
Q
_______ are produced in the testicles (testes), or reproductive glands, of a mature male at a rate of several hundred million a day and are ejaculated at semen at sexual climax
A
Sperm cells
10
Q
Deposited in the vagina, they try to swim through the_____ , the opening of the uterus, and into____, but only a tiny fraction make it that far
A
cervix, fallopian tubes
11
Q
This normally occurs while the ovum is passing through the fallopian
A
Fertilization
12
Q
If fertilization does not occur, the ovum and any sperm cells in the woman’s body die
The sperm is absorbed by the________ and the ovum passes through the uterus and exits through the vagina in the form of
A
woman’s white blood cells,
menstruation
13
Q
A sperm’s _______ enables it to swim through the cervix and up the fallopian tube
A
long tail
14
Q
The sperm’s rounded head releases______ that helps it penetrate the ovum’s thick surface and fertilize the ovum by fusing with its nucleus.
A
enzymes
15
Q
This method provides couples having difficulty conceiving naturally with a means to augment their fertility
A
Assisted reproductive technology (ART),
16
Q
It is an assistive reproductive technology in which sperm is injected into a woman’s vagina, cervix, or uterus
A
artificial insemination,
17
Q
It is an assistive reproductive technology in which a woman’s ova are surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and implanted in the woman’s uterus
A
vitro fertilization
18
Q
It is an assistive reproductive technology in which the egg of a woman will freeze to extend their years of fertility. Eggs are harvested with the intention of conceiving a child at a later date with the help of IVF
A
cryopreservation, or egg freezing
19
Q
They are the result of two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperm
A
Dizygotic twins
20
Q
What is the term for Dizygotic twins?
A
Fraternal Twins
21
Q
Genetically, they are like a sibling who inhabits the same womb at the same time, and they can be the same or different sex.
A
Dizygotic twins
22
Q
They result from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally identical
A
Monozygotic Twins
23
Q
What is the other term for monozygotic twins?
A
Identical twins
24
Q
This type of twin has the same genetic makeup
A
monozygotic twins
25
This term states that the changing of genes right after birth. Basically yung genes natin nagbabago because of our environment.
Epigenesis
26
It is the genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring.
Heredity
27
When ovum and sperm unite, they endow the baby-to-be with a ______that influences a wide range of characteristics from color of eyes and hair to health, intellect and personality
genetic makeup
28
A double-helix structure of a DNA molecule resembles a long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called base
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
29
What are the bases of DNA, by pair? Write it on a piece of paper or your whiteboard
Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
30
These are coils of DNA that consist of smaller segments called genes, the functional units of heredity
Chromosomes
31
The sequence of bases in genes tells the cell how to make the_____ that enables it to carry out specific functions
proteins
32
This is the complete sequence of genes in the human body.
Human genome
33
The body cells of women and men contain how many pairs of chromosomes?
23
34
What is the basic unit of inheritance?
Genes
35
Each _____ (ovum and sperm) has only 23 single chromosomes because of a special kind of cell division (meiosis).
sex cell
36
At _______, the 23 chromosomes from the sperm join the 23 from the ovum so that the zygote receives 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
fertilization
37
Through ______, a process by which the non-sex cells divide in half over and over again, the DNA replicates itself, so that each newly formed cell has the same DNA structure as all the other
mitosis
38
These are permanent alterations in genetic material.
Mutations
39
When development is normal, each cell (except the sex cells) continues to have _____ chromosomes identical to those in the original zygote.
46
40
These chromosomes are not related to sexual expression
autosomes
41
How many pairs of our 23 chromosomes are autosomes?
22 pairs
42
The _______ genetically determines a child’s sex.
father’s sperm
43
The_______ are sex chromosomes—one from the father and one from the mother—that govern the baby’s sex.
twenty-third pair
44
Males have _ sex chromosomes, and sperms either have _ or _
XY
X,Y
45
The ___ chromosome contains the gene for maleness
Y
46
This is called the genes for maleness
SRY gene
47
What gender is this pair XX?
Female
48
What gender is this pair? XY
Male
49
They promote development and inhibit testicular development
HOX gene and Wnt-4
50
a gene on the Y chromosomes; once turned on, cell differentiation and formation of the testes is triggered
SRY gene
51
Genes that can produce alternative expressions of a characteristic (such as the presence or absence of dimples) are called
alleles
52
A person is ____ for the characteristic when both alleles are the same
homozygous
53
A person is ____ for the characteristic when both alleles are different
heterozygous
54
A pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives a different allele, only the dominant one is expresses
Dominant inheritance
55
A Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites in chromosomes affect a complex trait
Polygenic inheritance
56
This is the Observable characteristics of a person
Phenotype
57
This is a concept which means containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics of a person
Genotype
58
It is the combination of genetic environmental factors to produce certain complex traits
Multifactorial Transmission
59
A phenomenon where genes are turned off or on as they are needed by the developing body or when triggered by the environment
Epigenesis/epigenetics
60
It is attached to a gene that affects the way a cell “reads” the gene’s DNA. It's function of is to differentiate various types of body cells, such as brain cells, skin cells, and liver cells
chemical molecules, or “tags,”
61
Defects transmitted by ________ are less likely to be lethal at an early age than those transmitted by recessive inheritance because any affected children would be likely to die before reproducing. Therefore, that gene would not be passed on to the next generation and would soon disappear from the population.
dominant inheritance
62
Defects transmitted by _______ tend to be lethal at an early age, in contrast to those transmitted by dominant genes, because recessive genes can be transmitted by dominant genes. After all, recessive genes can be transmitted by heterozygous carriers who do not themselves have the disorder.
recessive genes
63
It is the presence of a dominant/recessive gene pair that results in the full expression of the dominant gene masking off the recessive gene
-Ex. Sickle-cell anemia with incomplete dominance will result in RBCs that are not sickle-shaped not round either
Incomplete dominance
64
A birth defect in which severe anemia reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is present; nearly all affected infants are stillborn or die soon after birth
Alpha thalassemia
65
A birth defect in which Severe anemia results in weakness, fatigue, and frequent illness; usually fatal in adolescence or young adulthood
Beta thalassemia (Cooley’s anemia)
66
This is a birth defect that Overproduction of mucus, which collects in the lung and digestive tract; children do not grow normally; short life span; the most common inherited lethal defect among White people
Cystic fibrosis
67
This fatal disease is usually found in males, marked by muscle weakness and minor intellectual disability; respiratory failure and death usually occur in young adulthood
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
68
Excessive bleeding, usually affecting males; in its most severe form, can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood
Hemophilia
69
Absence of brain tissues; infants are stillborn or die soon after birth
Anencephaly
70
A birth defect in which a Completely closed spinal canal, muscle weakness or paralysis, and loss of bladder and bowel control; often accompanied by hydrocephalus, an accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain, and intellectual disability
Spina bifida
71
Metabolic disorder resulting in intellectual disability
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
72
A birth defect that enlarges kidneys, leading to respiratory problems and congestive heart failure.
Polycystic kidney disease, Infantile form
73
A birth defect that will cause kidney pain, kidney stones, and hypertension resulting in chronic kidney failure
Polycystic kidney disease, Adult form:
74
Deformed red blood cells that clog blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen; symptoms include severe pain, stunted growth, infections, leg ulcers, gallstones, pneumonia, and stroke
Sickle-cell anemia
75
Degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells, resulting in death before age 5
Tay-Sachs disease
76
A Pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring.
sex-linked inheritance
77
Heterozygote females who carry one “Bad” copy of a recessive gene and one “good” one are called_____.
carriers
78
A sex chromosome abnormality in which a female has a normal appearance, menstrual irregularities, learning disorders, intellectual disability
XXX (triple X)
79
A sex chromosome abnormality in which a Male is sterility, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, small testes, learning disorders
XXY (Klinefelter)
80
A sex chromosome abnormality in which
a Female has short stature, webbed necks, impaired spatial abilities, no menstruation, infertility, underdeveloped sex organs
XO/Turner
81
Minor-to-severe intellectual disability is more severe in males; delayed speech and motor development, hyperactivity; the most common inherited form of intellectual disability
Fragile X
82
What is the other term for Down syndrome?
trisomy-21.
83
A chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and by such physical signs as a down-ward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes. A
Down Syndrome
84
The condition is also called trisomy-21 because it is characterized in more than 90 percent of cases by an extra 21st chromosome.
Down Syndrome
85
The brains of children with Down syndrome appear nearly normal at birth but shrink in volume by young adulthood, particularly in the _________ and ___________
hippocampal area and prefrontal cortex,
86
more _____ mothers have children with Down syndrome
young
87
Research also shows having a father less than ___or over_____years old increases the risk
20 or over 40
88
They help prospective parents assess their risk of bearing children with genetic or chromosomal defect
Genetic Counseling
89
It is a procedure where Chromosomes from body tissues may be analyzed and photographed and the photographs enlarged and arranged according to size and structure on a chart
karyotype.
90
This chart can show chromosomal abnormalities and can indicate whether a person might transmit genetic defects to a child
karyotype.
91
A Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences or behavior seeks to measure how much heredity and environment influence particular traits.
Behavioral Genetics
92
A statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population. It estimates how much of a trait is due to genetics and how much is the result of environmental influences by using a concept known as ______
Heritability
93
A term describing the tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder.
concordant
94
A heritability estimate of _____indicates that genes are 100 percent responsible for variances in the trait within the population.
1.0
95
A heritability estimate of ______percent would indicate the environment shaped a trait
0.0
96
It refers to a range or limit of potential expressions of hereditary traits.
Example
-Body size, depends on biological processes, which are genetically regulated. Even so, a range of sizes is possible, depending on environmental opportunities and constraints and a person’s behavior
Reaction Range
97
______can influence whether a reaction range is wide or narrow
For example, a child is born with a defect producing mild cognitive limitation is more able to respond to a favorable environment than a child born with severe limitations
Example: Yung reaction range ng height ni ate joy is nasa 4’5-4’11 langs, napaka narrow ng difference
Heredity
98
They are strongly programmed by genes, and there is little opportunity for variance in their expression
Highly canalized traits
99
Language, motor development, typical babies follow a predictable sequence: crawling or scoot-ng, walking, and then running are what kind of traits?
Highly canalized traits
100
Cognition and personality, however, are not highly________
canalized
101
It refers to the effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals, and a discussion of these interactions is a way to conceptualize and talk about the different ways nature and nurture interact.
To take a familiar example, many children are exposed to pollen and dust, but those with a genetic predisposition are more likely to develop allergic reaction
Genotype-environment interaction
102
This concept states that the environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences. This tendency works in three ways to strengthen the phenotypic expression of a genotypic tendency
genotype-environment correlation
103
A genotype-environment correlation in which parents, who provide the genes that predispose a child toward a trait, also tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of that trait. You not only inherit genes from your biological parents, you also inherit environments
Passive Correlation
104
A genotype-environment correlation in which Children with differing genetic make-ups evoke different reactions from other
- Non-musically inclined parents may make a music room for their child who seems to exhibit musicality
- In this way, the parents are reacting to the genetic makeup of the child
This is also applicable in foster child
Reactive, or evocative correlation
105
As children get older and have more freedom to choose their activities and environments, they actively select or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies. Usually nangyayari ito during adolescent
Ex
An adolescent with a talent for music will probably seek out musical friends, take music classes, and go to concerts if such opportunities are available
Active Correlations
106
This tendency to seek out environments compatible with one’s genotype is called _____; it helps explain why identical twins reared apart tend to have similar characteristics.
niche-picking
107
The unique environment in which each child grows up, consists of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.
nonshared environmental effects
108
______ is a condensed unit of DNA
chromosomes
109
What is the connection of Evolution to Dev Psych?
Mayroon kasing development sa evolution kasi mayroong changes. Lahat ng organisms may evolution
110
What are the 4 principles of Evolution?
1. Organisms vary: Lahat ng lliving things ay may pagkakaiba, bakit? Kasi iba iba yung combination ng genes
2. Organisms need to compete for limited resources
3. Organisms pass on their genes if they survive long enough
4. Some organism, because of their variation, survives better then pass their variation to the next generation:
111
A branch of psychology which have an interest in cognitive or behavioral adaptations
Evolutionary Psychology
112
_____ Evolution is more focused on natural adaptations
natural science
113
______ are not always adaptive in contemporary society (feast kapag maraming food before kasi nagha-hunt lang sila at walang palengke. Kung may nahuli, automatic fiesta agad)
Evolved mechanisms
114
-In this theory, what matters is that individuals live long enough to reproduce and pass on their characteristics.
evolutionary theory
115
So why do humans live so long after reproduction?
d pass on their characteristics. So why do humans live so long after reproduction?
-Perhaps evolution favored longevity because having older people around improves the survival rates of babies. Possibly having grandparents alive to care for the young while parents were hunting and gathering food created an evolutionary advantage
116
Why people aged 0-40 do not have a disease?
Parang di tayo nagkakasakit kasi immuned tayo at protected tayo ng evolution but as we grow old as we reach the age na di na tayo protected ng evolution dahil naipasa na yung genes natin, doon na tayo nakakaramdam ng panghihina. After ng reproduction age na atin, doon na lumalabas yng mga sakit and declined sa ating body
117
We protected by our ____ so when we are aged 0-40 ay di tayo nagkakasakit
evolution
118
Kailan natatapos ang evolution protection?
After reproduction age
119
Bakit after reprduction age natatapos ang evolution protection
kasi hindi na tayo kailangan ng nature dahil nailabas na antin ang ating off spring.
120
-According to life-span developmental _____2003), the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age
Paul Baltes (
121
This person acknowledges the important influences of evolution on human adaptation. However, he rejects what he calls “one-sided evolutionism”, which sees social behavior as a product of evolved biology
Albert Bandura (1988)
122
This person states that an alternative is a bidirectional view, in which environmental and biological conditions influence each other
Albert Bandura (1988)
123
_______ gave us bodily structure and biological potentialities, but it does not dictate behavior
Evolution
124
At the age of ____weeks, the nervous system begins to grow
3 weeks
125
This begins with a child at the age of 4 weeks
The heart begins to beat
126
This begins with a child at the age of 5 weeks
Head continues rapid growth
127
At the age of ____weeks, almost all body parts are differentiated.
8 weeks
128
At the age of ____weeks, the growth of the head slows. The formation of red blood cells by the liver slows.
