8. Early Childhood Psychosocial

Question 1

A descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.

Answer 1

Sense of self

Question 2

True or False. During Early childhood, may sense of self na ang mga bata?

Answer 2

False. Yung mga bata hindi pa developed ang self-concept nila, hinid pa final yung development nila, ang meron lang sila is Self Definition

Question 3

Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself of an child in early childhood stage

Answer 3

Self-Definition

Question 4

At age 4, ano yung kadalasan na content ng self-concept nila?

Answer 4

• children are very concrete and specific in describing themselves
• They are also unrealistically positive about themselves
• Has difficulty understanding how conflicting emotions can exist simultaneously—all or nothing, kapag happy dapat happy lang
• cannot acknowledge that his real self, the person he actually is, is not the same as his ideal self, the person he would like to be.
• surface level lang yung awareness nila about self

Question 5

At about age 5 or 6, anong kadalasan na content ng self concept nila?

Answer 5

rt begins to make logical connections between one aspect of himself and another: “I can run fast, and I can climb high. I’m also strong. I can throw a ball real far, I’m going to be on a team some day!”
However, his image of himself is still expressed in completely positive,

Question 6

At Age 7 explain yung kadalasan na self conept nila

Answer 6

they decrivbe themselves in more generalized popular terts such as dumb, smart

narerecognize na nila yung conflicting emotions

nag seself critical na rin while holding a oveall positive view sa self

Question 7

In highly _____ cultures such as the United States, individuals are seen as separate from one another, and independence and self-reliance are highly valued.

Answer 7

individualistic

Question 8

In _____ cultures, such as India, China, and da pelepens, individuals are seen as fundamentally interrelated, and group harmony and cohesiveness take precedence over individual concerns

Answer 8

collectivistic

Question 9

_______is the self-evaluative part of the self-concept, the judgment children make about their overall worth.

Answer 9

Self-esteem

Question 10

_______, in part, is based on children’s growing cognitive ability to describe and define themselves

Answer 10

Self-esteem

Question 11

Explain why Self-esteem is not based on reality

Answer 11

One reason for this is that self-esteem is, in part, the result of feedback received from other people, and adults tend to give positive and uncritical feedback

Hindi lang ito galing sa self, nanggagaling din feedback ng ibang tao.

Question 12

Explain the concept behind the unidimensional self esteem of a child

Answer 12

It means that child believe they are either all good or all bad

Question 13

Explain this, Children whose self-esteem is contingent on success tend to become demoralized when they fail

Answer 13

If a child is generally praised for working hard and she fails at a task, the logical implication is that she did not try hard enough

• kapag nafefeel ng bata na successful lang siya doon nya lang ma-eevaluate yung self nya as a good person then pag nag fail they tend to be demoralized

Magiging good person lang if you are successful. Magiging worthy ka lang ng love ko kapag top 1 ka sa school

Question 14

Explain the concep of Children with non contingent self-esteem

Answer 14

in contrast, tend to attribute failure or disappointment to factors outside themselves or to the need to try harder
For example, when faced with the same puzzle, such a child might assume the puzzle was for older children or might continue to try to put it together despite having initial difficulties.

Question 15

Explain or give situation of generic phrase on a child

Answer 15

Generic praise-“great job!” for example, after being shown a picture of a drawing- is associated with giving up after failure because if children fail, they tend to assume they lack the critical ability to draw well

Question 16

Explain targeted praise

Answer 16

• “great job drawing!”-children tend to persevere in the face of failure.

Question 17

The ability to _______feelings is one of the key advances of early childhood

Answer 17

regulate

Question 18

________helps children guide their behavior and adjust their responses to meet societal expectations—

Answer 18

Emotional self-regulation

Question 19

Paano itetest yung self-regulation ng bata?

Answer 19

Cookie scenario

Question 20

_______cultures such as in the United States tend to value the free expression of emotions
parents from the United States and Germany tend to encourage their children to express their emotions when upset and see this as a healthy expression of autonomy

Answer 20

Individualistic

Question 21

_____cultures with collectivistic values tend to suppress the expression of negative emotions
Parents from India and Nepal tend to become distressed when their children express negative emotions

Answer 21

Asian

Question 22

_____Emotions involved in the regulation of social behavior that require self-awareness and the understanding of others’ viewpoints.

Answer 22

Social emotions

Question 23

guilt, shame, and pride are what kind of emotions??

Answer 23

self-evaluative emotions

Question 24

kailan na dedevelop ang self-evaluative emotions?

Answer 24

-after a child gain self-awarenes and accept the standards of behavior their parents set
- they require consideration of othe’s POV—Theory of mind

Question 25

Erikson’s third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so.

Preschool children can do–and want to do–more and more

At the same time, they are learning that some of the things they want to do meet social approval, whereas others do not

Answer 25

Initiative VS Guilt

Question 26

Awareness of one’s femaleness or maleness and all it implies in one’s society of origin, is an important aspect of the developing self-concept.

Answer 26

Gender Identity

Question 27

Explain Gender Differences in Physical

Question 28

Explain Gender Differences in cognitive

Question 29

_______are the behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and personality traits that a culture considers appropriate for males or females.-

Answer 29

Gender Roles

Question 30

differentiate the gender roles before and today

Answer 30

Historically, in most cultures, women have been expected to devote most of their time to caring for the household and children, while men were providers and protectors
More flexible and diverse nowadays

Question 31

__________the acquisition of a gender role, takes place early in childhood. Children at an early age , learn appropriate gender roles.

–internalization ng isang tao kung ano ba yung expectations ng bata sa mga gender na meron sila.

Answer 31

Gender Typing

Question 32

________ are preconceived generalizations about male or female behavior: “All females are passive and dependent; all males are aggressive and independent.’

Answer 32

Gender stereotypes

Question 33

In this view, differences we see between boys and girls are influenced by brain anatomy.

These differences arise from, among others, genes coding for differences in anatomy and function between the sexes, prenatal hormonal exposure, differing environmental experiences, or the activating effects of puberty in adolescence.

Answer 33

Biological Approach

Question 34

These girls have high prenatal levels of androgens (male sex hormones)

Answer 34

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Question 35

what happens if a child have congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 35

They tend to show preferences for boys’ toys, rough play, and male playmates, as well as strong spatial skills

Yung mga batang babae during prenatal levels na na-expose sa androgen mas nagiging lalake yung galawan nila

Question 36

This persprective about gender believes that Merely telling a boy or a girl what he or she is not enough to alter gender identity

Pinapakita nito na kahit na sabihin mo bata na lalaki siya kahit in reality babae siya, lalabas at lalabas yung nature na yon.

Answer 36

Biological perspective

Question 37

The volume of the ____ (an area of the brain involved in sexual behavior) in biological men who later identify as women is more similar to that of other women than to that of other men

Answer 37

stria terminalis

Question 38

A gender perspective in which they claimed gender identity-a psychological construct housed in the brain- is influenced by biology and is not merely the consequence of biological sex or childrearing practices

Answer 38

Biological perspective

Question 39

From this controversial perspective, children’s gender roles underlie the evolved mating and child-rearing strategies of adult males and females. And they also view it as biological

Answer 39

Evolutionary Approach

Question 40

A perpective that focuses on the selection of sexual partners is a response to the differing reproductive pressures early men and women confronted in the struggle for survival

Answer 40

Theory of Sexual Selection (Charles Darwin)

Question 41

• According to _________ , male competitiveness and aggressiveness and female nurturance develop during childhood as preparation for these adult roles
• Boys play at fighting; girls play at parenting.

Answer 41

evolutionary theory

Question 42

explain yung critique ng ilan sa evolutionary psychology and the response of the supporter of evolutionary psychology

Answer 42

Sinasabi ng mga critics na hindi daw bio kundi society and culture. Kung ano daw tinuturo ng ibang tao and society.

Tama naman nagiging responsive tayo sa society and culture. But sino ba gumawa ng culture and society? Tao lang din and ang mga tao is highly biological yan. So therefore kung ano yung nasa culture reflection lang ito ng genetic structure natin–therefore cycle argument lang siya

Tautological: circular argument
Humans affect culture and culture affects humans.

Question 43

Explain why gender is nature and nurture

Answer 43

Evolution has given us an evolved architecture of the mind that pushes us in certain directions, but it has also given us the ability to reflect upon our choices and make reasoned decisions.

For example, in some nonindustrial societies, women are the main or equal providers, and men and women’s mate preferences seem to be less pronounced in egalitarian societies in which women have more reproductive freedom and educational opportunities

Men can be monogamous, too. Women can be a provider, too

Question 44

A gender perspective in which believes that adoption of characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex will occur when the child represses or gives up the wish to possess the parent of the other sex and identifies with the parent of the same sex (oedipus complex resolves)

Answer 44

Psychoanalytic Approach

Sigmund Freud